Than Tatarstan is rich in minerals. Mineral resource base

The Republic of Tatarstan has a significant mineral resource potential, which is made up of the totality of reserves and predictable resources of oil, natural bitumen, coal, solid minerals. A developed mineral resource base, along with other favorable factors (huge production capacities, high infrastructure, favorable geopolitical position, etc.), put the Republic of Tatarstan among the most economically developed regions of Russia.

LIST OF COMMON MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN Siltstones, mudstones (except for those used in the cement industry, for the production of mineral wool and fibers). Anhydrite (other than used for the cement industry). Bituminous rocks. Gypsum (except for those used in the cement industry and for medical purposes). Clays (except for bentonite, palygorskite, refractory, acid-resistant, used for porcelain and faience, metallurgical, paint and varnish and cement industries, kaolin). Pebbles, gravel. Dolomites (except for those used in the metallurgical, glass and chemical industries). Calcareous tuff, drywall. Limestones (except for those used in the cement, metallurgical, chemical, glass, pulp and paper and sugar industries, for the production of alumina, mineral feeding of animals and poultry).

Chalk (except for used in cement, chemical, glass, rubber, pulp and paper and sugar industries, for the production of alumina, mineral feeding of animals and poultry). Marl (except used in the cement industry). Facing stones (except for highly decorative and characterized by a predominant output of blocks 1 - 2 groups). Sands (except for molding, glass, abrasive, for the porcelain and faience, refractory and cement industries, containing ore minerals in industrial concentrations). Sandstones (except for dinas, flux, for the glass industry, for the production of silicon carbide, crystalline silicon and ferroalloys). Sandy-gravel, gravel-sand, sandy-clay, clay-sandy rocks. Sapropel (other than those used for medical purposes). Loams (except for those used in the cement industry). Peat (other than used for medicinal purposes).

Oil is the leading mineral in the republic; on the basis of its proven reserves, oil production and petrochemical complexes are successfully operating, and a modern oil production and refining industry is being formed. There are about 200 known oil fields in Tatarstan with reserves of about 6 billion tons, more than half of them are being developed. The volumes of oil produced are sufficient to ensure the economic stability of the republic, both at the present time and in the future, estimated at more than 30 years.

Oil is developed in 22 municipal districts located in the southern and southeastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, 85% of all resources are confined to the South Tatar arch. The northeastern part of the republic is less promising and is represented by small deposits. The western part of the republic is poorly studied and less promising for oil prospecting. By the amount of residual recoverable reserves, the deposits are subdivided into small (more than 160 deposits), medium (Bavlinskoe, Arkhangelskoe), large (Novo-Elkhovskoe) and unique (Romashkinskoe). Oil reserves of Romashkinsky and Novo. Elkhovskoye fields are very significant and account for 47.2% of industrial oil reserves and 55.5% of its production. In addition, about 200 promising objects have been prepared by geophysical work (seismic prospecting) and structural exploration drilling.

Tatarstan has a significant resource potential of high-viscosity oil confined to the sediments of the Permian system. Until recently, all Permian hydrocarbons were called natural bitumen. In accordance with the expert opinions of the State Commission on Mineral Reserves, at the end of 2006, the reserves of natural bitumen in 11 deposits were removed from the state balance sheet of asphaltites, bitumen and bituminous rocks and put on the State balance sheet of oil reserves. The basis for classifying natural bitumen as high-viscosity oils was the differentiation of Permian hydrocarbons from the most significant and studied fields, carried out by OAO TATNEFT according to the qualitative parameters. In terms of reserves and resources of this type of raw material (36% of the resources of the Russian Federation), Tatarstan occupies a leading position in the country. However, development is constrained by the lack of investment in the development of deposits and effective technologies that allow for the cost-effective extraction of hydrocarbons and obtain high-quality and competitive products. At present, the systematic preparation of high-viscosity oil fields for industrial development is underway.

RT possesses significant resources of fossil coal. There are 108 known coal deposits in the Frasnian, Visean, Kazan and Akchagyl stages. Only Visean coal deposits confined to the South Tatar (75 deposits), Melekessky (17) and North Tatar (3) regions of the Kama coal basin can be of industrial importance. The degree of metamorphism of Visean coals corresponds to the Carboniferous, less often lignite group.

The coals of a number of Visean deposits have a high yield of volatile substances and are suitable for development by underground gasification technologies. In conditions of depletion of oil reserves, the coal raw material base of the Republic of Tatarstan can be considered as a distant strategic reserve of the fuel and energy complex.

Bentonite clays are classified as mining raw materials. The deposits are located mainly in the Melekess depression, as well as on the slopes of large positive structures - the Vyatka mega-shaft and Yuzhno. Tatar vault. Geologically, productive strata belong to the Neogene-Quaternary lithological-stratigraphic complex. Within the republic there is 1 developed deposit of bentonite clays (Biklyanskoe) and 2 deposits of unallocated subsoil fund.

Gypsum is a mineral and construction raw material. Gypsum-bearing strata are confined to the deposits of the Upper Kazan substage of the Upper Carboniferous Permian stratigraphic complex. Kamsko are being developed in the republic. Ustinskoe and Syukeevskoe gypsum deposits. Gypsum can be used to obtain: building gypsum (plaster of paris, alabaster), molding, high-strength, estrich gypsum, medical, gypsum cement. The main direction is for construction purposes.

Molding sands are a type of mining raw material that is used as a molding material for the production of bricks. They are confined to the sediments of the Neogene system. Glass sands belong to the type of mining raw materials. They are common in the sediments of the Kama, Volga, Sviyaga, Cheremshan, Vyatka rivers and a number of their tributaries. Neogene-Quaternary deposits are productive. The Zolotoy Island deposit, located in the river bed, has been explored and is periodically being developed. Volga.

Phosphorites are classified as mining and chemical raw materials. Phosphorite deposits are located within the eastern slope of the Tokmovsky arch in the Tetyushsky, Buinsky and Drozhzhanovsky regions. The phosphorite content is associated with the Jurassic Cretaceous productive complex. Within the republic, only one is known, the Syundyukovskoe deposit of the unallocated subsoil fund, located in the Tetyushsky region, and a large number of manifestations. Phosphorites are used to obtain phosphate rock and fosmeliorant for agriculture.

In the Drozhzhanovsky region, the explored and prepared for the development of Tatarsko. Shatrashan deposit of zeolite-containing marl. Zeolite-containing marls can be used in the construction industry as active mineral additives to binders. In the republic, limestones and dolomites are used as building stones, less often sandstones. In total, about 80 deposits of building stone of the distributed and unallocated subsoil fund were taken into account, which are widely used for construction purposes to obtain construction crushed stone of the "200" grade.

Within the republic, one saw stone deposit is known - Karkalinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region and used in construction for the manufacture of walls, ceilings and partitions. Sand and gravel materials (ASM) are the most demanded mineral and construction raw materials, widely used as aggregate for concrete, reinforced concrete and asphalt concrete, as well as for plaster and masonry mortars, ballasting of road bases. On the territory of Tatarstan, there are about 60 known ASG deposits of the distributed and unallocated subsoil fund. The general and predominant part of the building sand is confined to the water area of ​​the Nizhnekamsk reservoir near the city of Kazan. Sands for concrete and silicate products. This type of raw material is widespread mainly in the water area of ​​the Kuibyshev reservoir. The main volume of production falls on the Molochnaya Volozhka field (Verkhneuslonsky district).

Explored resources and peat reserves are located in 685 peat deposits. Basically, the mineral is not mined. The total reserves and resources of sapropel are contained in 51 deposits. Officially, only one deposit is being developed - "Lebyazhye" for use as a fertilizer.

Used literature http: // tfi. tatarstan. ru / rus / mineral. htm Atlas of the Republic of Tatarstan, a productive mapping association “Cartography, Moscow, 2005.

Tatarstan is located on the East European Plain, at the confluence of the Volga and Kama, the largest rivers in Europe. Thanks to its favorable location and rich resources, the republic is among the most economically developed regions of the country.

Bilingual republic

The Republic of Tatarstan belongs to the Volga federal district and is bordered in the west by Chuvash Republic, in the east - with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the north-west - with the Republic of Mari El, in the north - with the Udmurt Republic and Kirov region, in the south - with the Orenburg, Samara and Ulyanovsk regions.

The total area of ​​Tatarstan is 67,836 km², the length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Capital and The largest city- Kazan (distance to Moscow 797 km). The republic consists of 43 municipal districts and two urban districts (Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny).

As a federal unit, the Republic of Tatarstan celebrates its 90th anniversary this year: it was formed on May 27, 1920. Since 1991, Mintimer Shaimiev has been the permanent president.

In 2009, the population of Tatarstan was 3768.6 thousand people, including urban - 2823.9 thousand people, rural - 944.7 thousand people. Representatives of 107 nationalities live here, the most numerous of them - 52.9% - Tatars. Therefore, the Tatar language in the republic has been declared the state language on a par with Russian.

The state flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is a rectangular cloth with horizontal stripes of green, white and red, which respectively denote rebirth, purity and strength. The coat of arms of Tatarstan depicts a winged white leopard - the patron saint of the republic. The image of this noble animal symbolizes at the same time fertility, movement forward, friendliness and a willingness to defend their interests.

At the confluence of the largest rivers

Most of the territory of Tatarstan is located at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The soils are very diverse and fertile - one third of them falls on various types of chernozems, which are concentrated mainly in the south of the republic.

The climate is temperate continental, approximately the same throughout the region. Moderately cold winters and hot summers are typical for Tatarstan. Droughts sometimes happen.

The main rivers are the Volga (the length within Tatarstan is 177 km) and the Kama (380 km). The tributaries of the Kama - Vyatka and Belaya - also flow from large rivers through the territory of the republic. The total flow of these four rivers per year is 234 billion m3 (97.5% of the total flow of all rivers in the republic). In total, the region has about 500 rivers over 10 km long and more than 8000 lakes and ponds.

For various purposes, four large reservoirs have been created here: Kuibyshevskoye (the largest in Europe), Nizhnekamskoye, Zainskoye and Karabashskoye.

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The ecological situation in Tatarstan is generally considered satisfactory, but the cities of Kazan, Nizhnekamsk and Naberezhnye Chelny have a high level of air pollution. Among the largest sources of pollutant emissions, ecologists name OAO Tatneft, OAO Nizhnekamskneftekhim and OAO Tatenergo.

Transport

In terms of transport, Tatarstan occupies a very advantageous position. The shortest transcontinental railway line runs through the territory of the republic in the direction from west to east, as well as a railway line connecting the large Volga industrial cities in the direction from north-west to south. During the navigation period, river transport serves 17 coastal regions of the republic. On the banks of the rivers there are such large industrial cities as Kazan, Naberezhnye Chelny, Nizhnekamsk, Chistopol, Zelenodolsk, Elabuga.

The confluence of the Volga and Kama navigable routes provides water communication with the northwestern, southern, northeastern and Ural industrial regions.

Through the territory of Tatarstan, roads are laid in three directions: west - east, west - southeast, and northwest - south, including the M-7 "Volga" highway, which is part of the road routes of the International transport corridor "West - East".

There are three airports in the republic: Kazan, Begishevo and Bugulma. The first two are international.

According to the Ministry of Transport and Roads of Tatarstan, the length of the communication lines of the republic's transport system is: 21.0 thousand km of highways common use, 843 km of served inland waterways, 848 km railways general use, 232 km of industrial railway tracks. Air traffic is carried out by 58 airlines.

Oil, coal, water

The main natural wealth of Tatarstan is oil. Associated gas is produced together with oil - about 40 m³ for each ton of oil. Today, the volume of recoverable oil is estimated at 800 million tons. Forecasted reserves are about 1 billion tons. A total of 127 oil fields have been discovered in Tatarstan. The largest of them, Romashkinskoe (Leninogorsk district), has been in operation for over 60 years and produces 15 million tons of oil annually. All in all, the republic produces about 32 million tons of oil per year. Large oil fields also include Novoelkhovskoye, Bavlinskoye, Pervomayskoye, Bondyuzhskoye, Yelabuzhskoye, Sobachinskoye. According to experts, the probable period of complete depletion of oil reserves is 30-40 years.

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There are 108 coal deposits on the territory of Tatarstan. True, not all of them can be used on an industrial scale. The most promising are those that relate to the South Tatar, Melekess and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin. In addition, the region has industrial reserves of dolomite, limestone, oil shale, construction sand and stone, clay, gypsum, peat. There are prospective reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolite, copper, bauxite.

Revealed significant reserves of groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly saline and fresh.

The Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station was built on Kama, which generates about 1.8 billion kWh per year, while its design capacity is 2.7 billion kWh per year.

Industry and agriculture

Tatarstan is considered one of the most economically developed regions of the country - largely due to its oil reserves, as well as its location at the intersection of the most important highways. As noted in the Department of Foreign Relations of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, in terms of socio-economic indicators, the region is among the six best in the country, along with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Sverdlovsk and Yaroslavl regions. The economy is based on industry and agriculture.

In addition to the fuel and petrochemical industries (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene, etc.), the industrial profile of the republic is determined by mechanical engineering. It manufactures heavy trucks, helicopters, airplanes and aircraft engines, cars, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea vessels. The leadership of Tatarstan in the field of mechanical engineering is evidenced by the fact that every second truck coming off the assembly line in Russia is KamAZ. In addition, the republic produces one fourth of all Russian tractors.

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Excellent fertile lands have served the development of agriculture in Tatarstan. Agricultural lands occupy 61% of all lands in the republic. The region specializes in the cultivation of grain crops, sugar beets and potatoes, as well as in meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming, horse breeding, and beekeeping.

Despite the fact that Tatarstan has no state borders, the republic is actively developing economic relations with other countries. More than a hundred states maintain trade relations with the region.

According to the Expert rating agency, the investment rating of Tatarstan is 2B (moderate risk). Among the regions of Russia, the republic ranks fourth in terms of investment risk, and eighth in terms of investment potential. The smallest investment risk is financial, the largest is criminal.

Among the economic shortcomings of Tatarstan, Expert RA experts note the absence of metal production, technological equipment for oil production, and many consumer goods.

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Special economic zone "Alabuga"

On December 21, 2005, on the territory of the Elabuga region of the Republic of Tatarstan, by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 784, a special economic zone (SEZ) of the industrial-production type "Alabuga" was created. The goal is to assist the development of the economy of Tatarstan and Russia as a whole by creating the most favorable conditions for the implementation of investment projects in the field of industrial production by Russian and international companies.

The industrial and production focus of the SEZ includes the production of auto components, a full cycle of automobile production, the chemical and petrochemical industry, manufacturing industry, pharmaceutical production, aircraft production, furniture production and much more. At the same time, we are not talking about the use of imported raw materials - the practical task of the SEZ "Alabuga" is to organize import-substituting production from Russian raw materials.

The total area of ​​the SEZ is 20 km², it is divided into modules of 5, 10 and 20 hectares. All the necessary communications are connected to each module - roads, electricity, heat supply, gas, water, high-speed communication lines, etc. A railway line runs through the SEZ territory, which will serve the largest land plots with the help of branches leading directly to future production buildings. At the moment, about 30 km of networks, 3 km of railways have been laid on the territory of the SEZ "Alabuga", 7 km of fences have been built. The local population is about a million people.

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Residents of the SEZ "Alabuga" are provided with solid tax benefits, including full exemption from property tax, as well as from paying land and transport taxes for ten years.

The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the most important mineral and raw material regions of the Russian Federation.
108 coal deposits have been identified on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits confined to the South Tatar, Melekess and North Tatar regions of the Kamsky coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. Coal bedding depth - from 900 to 1400 m
127 oil fields have been discovered in Tatarstan, uniting more than 3,000 oil deposits. One of the largest fields in Russia is located here - Romashkinskoye in the south of the republic, and the large Novoelkhovskoye oil field near the city of Almetyevsk. Also large deposits are Bavlinskoe, Pervomayskoe, Bondyuzhskoe, Yelabuzhskoe, Sobachinskoe. Associated gas is produced together with oil - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor natural gas and gas condensate deposits are known.
As before, the leading mineral for the republic is oil, on the raw material base of which powerful oil-producing and petrochemical complexes have been created and are functioning, as well as a modern oil refining industry is being formed. In terms of oil production, the republic steadily ranks second among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, yielding only to the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. The state of industrial oil reserves in the republic can be characterized as good. The availability of industrial grade oil reserves at the current level of production is about 30 years.

Bitumen

The Republic of Tatarstan has the largest resource potential of natural bitumen in Russia. The prospects for their development are increasing due to the possibility of obtaining from them energy carriers, alternative to fuel oil and natural gas. Today, the most important task in the development of bitumen potential is to attract investment in the development of these deposits and the introduction of new effective methods to increase the extraction of bitumen. The reserves and forecasted resources of bituminous coals in the republic represent a long-range reserve for the development of the fuel and energy complex. To prepare a raw material base for coal, it is necessary to carry out geological exploration and experimental-industrial work to improve technologies for underground mining of coal deposits.
On the territory of the republic there are explored reserves of eighteen types of solid non-metallic minerals. On their basis, production was organized and the needs of the republic's economy in building and silicate sand, enriched sand and gravel mixture, building gypsum, ceramic bricks, expanded clay gravel, bentonite powder for drilling fluids and foundry production, building lime, building crushed stone, limestone and phosphate flour. V last years the raw material bases of molding sands, mineral paints and zeolite-containing marls were created.
Pilot production of natural bitumen is carried out only at the Mordovo-Karmalskoye field (Leninogorsk region). Production is carried out by in-situ combustion using a thermogas generator. For 15 years, about 200 thousand tons of bitumen were extracted, which were used mainly for the manufacture of asphalt and the production of anti-corrosion varnish at the Shugurov oil bitumen plant.

Oil

The raw material base of the republic's oil industry is associated with the Volga-Ural oil and gas province, located in its eastern part.
All developed oil fields are concentrated on the South Tatar arch, the southeastern slope of the North Tatar arch and the eastern side of the Melekess depression. The main oil and gas complexes are located in the lower parts of the sedimentary cover (depths from 0.6 to 2 km) in the stratigraphic range from the Middle Devonian to the Middle Carboniferous. Productive oil deposits are confined to the Eifelian-Lower Frasnian terrigenous, Upper Frasnian-Tournaisian carbonate, Visean terrigenous, Oka-Bashkirian carbonate, Vereian and Kashirian-Gzhel terrigenous-carbonate oil and gas complexes.
The initial total resources (NSR) of oil as of 01.01.2006 amount to 4.66 billion tons. In the structure of the NDS, accumulated production is 63%, residual industrial reserves of categories A + B + C1 - 19%, preliminary estimated reserves of category C2 - 3%, prospective resources of category C3 - 3%, inferred resources of category D - 12%. More than 85% of the oil recoverable by the NSR is concentrated in the South Tatar arch, mainly in its dome (63.5%), and on the western slope (22.9%). The Melekesskaya depression and the North Tatar arch account for 7.4% and 5.6% of the oil recoverable by the NSR, respectively.
The degree of exploration of the NSR is 95.65%. The degree of depletion of the initial recoverable oil reserves is 80.4%.
The current total resources (TCP) of oil as of 01.01.2006 amount to 1.7 billion tons, of which the residual industrial reserves of categories A + B + C1 account for 51.7%, preliminary estimated reserves of category C2 - 7.3 %, prospective resources of category C3 - 8% and inferred resources of category D - 33%. The bulk (71.5%) of TCP oil is confined to the South Tatar arch.
In the structure of residual recoverable oil reserves of categories A + B + C1, active reserves account for 32.1%, hard-to-recover reserves - 67.9% (Fig. 2.1.3).
Depletion of active reserves is estimated at 89.7%, hard-to-recover reserves - 44.7%. In terms of oil quality, the fields being developed are predominantly sulphurous and high-sulfur (99.9% of residual recoverable reserves) and high-viscosity (67% of residual recoverable reserves), and in terms of density - medium and heavy (68% of residual recoverable reserves).
The state balance sheet as of 01.01.2006 includes 150 oil fields, of which 78 are on the balance sheet of JSC TATNEFT.
In terms of the amount of residual recoverable reserves, most of the fields are small (with reserves of up to 3 million million tons), Romashkinskoye field - to unique (with reserves of more than 300 million tons) objects. The last two fields account for more than 50% of commercial grade oil reserves and 58% of its production.
As of 01.01.2006, the fund of uplifts prepared for deep drilling includes 234 objects with total recoverable C3 oil resources in the amount of 136.7 million tons.
The degree of prospecting of the mineral resources of the republic is 85.7%. Unexplored oil resources (33% of the total TCP) are located within poorly explored territories, where there is a possibility of discovering small deposits and deposits with a complex structure of traps and strong variability of reservoir properties of reservoirs.
More than 99% of recoverable reserves of categories. A + B + C1 in the explored oil fields are in the distributed fund. The leading subsoil user in the republic is JSC V Tatneft, which owns 77.5% of the residual recoverable oil reserves of categories A + B + C1. 22.5% of the explored residual recoverable oil reserves are concentrated in the licensed areas of the NOC.
Oil production in the republic, as in the entire Volga-Ural oil and gas province, is at the stage of natural decline.
However, over the past ten years, there has been a steady tendency of its increase from 25.6 to 30.7 million tons. The level of oil production has been maintained in the range of 28-30 million tons over the past five years. at oil fields, effective technologies for the development of operating fields using in-circuit waterflooding, the introduction of hard-to-recover reserves into active development, the widespread introduction of hydrodynamic methods for increasing oil recovery, as well as the prompt inclusion of new fields in development.

Solid non-metallic minerals

On the territory of the republic, 1100 deposits and manifestations of solid nonmetallic minerals have been identified and explored, the overwhelming majority of which are widespread. The republican balance sheet as of 01.01.2006 took into account more than 250 deposits of 18 types of nonmetallic mineral raw materials, of which 60% are involved in exploitation (Table 2.1.3).
Deposits of solid nonmetallic minerals on the territory of the republic are unevenly distributed, which is largely due to the location of enterprises in the construction materials industry that consume mineral resources.
Construction lime is produced at the Kazan plant of silicate wall materials and the Naberezhnye Chelny plant of building materials. Gypsum is processed at the Arakchinsky gypsum plant from raw materials supplied from the Kamsko-Ustinsky gypsum mine.
Phosphate and lime fertilizers are produced by OJSC TatagrokhimservisV Holding Company. He is developing the Syundyukovskoye phosphorite deposit, on the basis of which an enterprise for the production of fosmeliorant with a design capacity of 30 thousand tons / year has been organized. Extraction of carbonate rocks for the production of limestone flour is carried out in 25 regions of the republic (Matyushinsky, Krasnovidovsky and other quarries).
Almost 80% of gravel and sand and gravel mixtures, a significant part of gypsum stone, bentonite clay and bentonite powder, over 95% of wall materials, crushed stone, building and molding sand, porous aggregates, construction and technological lime are sold on the domestic market of mineral products.
Gypsum stone (80% of production), gravel and enriched sand and gravel mixture (up to 20%), bentonite powder and bentonite clays are exported outside the republic in significant volumes. In the import structure, the leading position is occupied by cement (up to 45%), phosphate and potash fertilizers (28%), wall materials, high-strength crushed stone and window glass.

- one of the largest and most well-developed subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the long history of its existence, the republic has emerged as an important geopolitical center of Russia between the areas of European and Asian cultures.

This was facilitated by the favorable economic and geographical position on the eastern borders of the European subcontinent, the proximity of the industrial Central region and the Urals. Located at the intersection of the largest transport systems in Russia, the region is connected with the raw material bases of Siberia, agricultural regions of the Volga Federal District.

Modern Tatarstan is a large region with a complex diversified industry and developed agriculture. The republic has a high educational and scientific potential.

Geographical position

Tatarstan is located in the center of the Russian Federation on the East European Plain, at the confluence of the two largest rivers, the Volga and Kama. The northernmost point is located near the village of Verkhniy Sardek, Baltasinsky district - 56o40.5 ′ N, the southern point - near the village of Khanverkino, Bavlinsky district - 53o58 ′ N, the western one - near the village Tatarskaya Bezdna, Drozhzhanovsky district - 47o16 ′ d., eastern - near the village of Tynlamas, Aktanysh region - 54о17 ′ east longitude The republic stretches 450 km from west to east, and 285 km from south to north.

It borders in the north with the Kirov region, in the northeast - with the Republic of Udmurtia, in the east - with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the southeast - with the Orenburg region, in the south - with the Samara region, in the southwest - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the west - with the Chuvash Republic, in the north-west - with the Mari Republic.

The total area of ​​Tatarstan is 67,836 km2, or 0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation, and about 7% of the territory of the Volga Federal District.

Kazan, the capital of the republic, is located 797 km east of Moscow.

Geological structure and minerals

The platform is based on a crystalline basement of ancient Archean-Proterozoic rocks. From above, it is overlain by a thick cover of sedimentary rocks of marine and continental origin, 1500–2000 m thick.

On the surface of the basement, there are Devonian rocks, below - terrigenous (sandstones, silts, mudstones), above - carbonate (limestones, dolomites with interlayers of gypsum and anhydrite). The thickness of the Devonian deposits is up to 700 m.

The territory of the republic is located in the east of the largest tectonic structure - the Russian platform, within the Volga-Ural anteclise. The main tectonic elements are the Tatar arch with the northern (Kukmorsky) and southern (Almetyevsky) protrusions, the Melekess depression and the southern part of the Kazan-Kazhimsky trough. The western part of the territory belongs to the eastern slope of the Tokmovsky arch.

The prevailing surface area of ​​the republic is composed of the Upper Permian sediments.

Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites prevail.

Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme southwest of the republic.

Above, there are rocks of the Carboniferous system (Carboniferous). Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites prevail. The thickness of the strata is from 600 to 1000 m. The Permian deposits are represented by the lower and upper sections. Lower Permian rocks are represented by dolomites, limestones with interlayers of gypsum, anhydrite and marl. The greatest thickness of these deposits is in the east of the republic (up to 300 m), where in some places they come to the surface.

The prevailing surface area of ​​the republic is composed of the Upper Permian sediments. They almost everywhere come out on the day surface in river valleys and are exposed by ravines. In the west of the republic, in the lower part, carbonate rocks of marine origin prevail - dolomites and limestones with interlayers of gypsum.

Above are continental formations - red clays, sandstones and marls that make up watershed surfaces. The thickness of the deposits reaches 280-350 m.

In the east, in the lower part, sandy-argillaceous rocks with interlayers of limestones and marls prevail, overlying argillaceous-sandy deposits, which are replaced by sandy, silty, clayey continental formations with thin interlayers of marls, limestones and dolomites overlying the highest watersheds (photo). The total thickness of the deposits reaches 200-300 m.

Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme southwest of the republic. Formations of the Jurassic system are represented by clays, siltstones, marls with interlayers of sandstones, oil shales and phosphorite pebbles. The thickness reaches 70-80 m. Cretaceous deposits are gray, dark gray clays, sandstones with thin interlayers of phosphorites, marls, limestones, with a total thickness of up to 120-160 m.

Cenozoic deposits are represented by deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary system, which were formed in continental conditions. Neogene formations are confined to the valleys of large and medium rivers. These are deposits composed of dark gray silty-clayey rocks with interlayers and lenses of sands and pebbles with a total thickness of 200-300 m.

The youngest Quaternary deposits cover the entire territory of the republic. In the Volga and Kama valleys, the thickness of the alluvial deposits of the terrace complex reaches 70-120 m, their composition is predominantly sandy with interlayers of pebbles, clays, loams and sandy loams.

Slope sediments reach a thickness of 15-20 m at the foot of the slopes, decreasing up the slope. On the watersheds, the thickness of the deposits is 1.5-2.0 m. The composition is predominantly loamy, sandy loam with crushed stone.

Minerals

The most valuable are deposits of combustible and nonmetallic minerals - oil, gas, bitumen, coal and brown coal, oil shale, peat, building stone, sand and gravel materials. Oil and associated gas are produced mainly in the Trans-Kama and Eastern Predkamye of the republic. The main deposits are confined to the lower stage of the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, mostly small in terms of reserves. Large deposits include only Romashkinskoye, Novo-Elkhovskoye and Bavlinskoye. The oil is heavy, high-sulfur. Associated gas, a valuable chemical raw material, is produced together with oil.

Bituminous and brown coals have been explored in the Eastern Trans-Kama region of the republic, they lie at significant depths - from 900 to 1200 m, which makes their extraction not yet profitable.

Significant reserves of bitumen and bituminous rocks are confined to the Permian deposits - reserve sources for obtaining hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as deposits of gypsum, limestone, dolomite.

Among the mineral resources of the Mesozoic, the most important are oil shale, phosphorites, and zeolite-containing rocks. They are found in the southwestern regions of the republic in the Volga region. Small reserves and poor quality hold back the extraction of these types of minerals.

Deposits of bentonite clays, loams, sands, sand and gravel materials, building stone (rubble stone and crushed stone), peat are confined to the sediments of the Cenozoic. They are widespread throughout the republic and are sources of construction and mining raw materials.

Relief

The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is a plain with uplands and lowlands that have formed over a geologically long time. The average height of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is 150–160 m, 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The highest heights are in the southeastern part of the republic within the Bugulma-Belebey Upland. The highest point is 381 m. The minimum heights are confined to the left bank of the Volga and Kama rivers, the lowest mark is 53 m (water edge of the Kuibyshev reservoir).

By the Volga and Kama valleys, the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is divided into three parts - in the west, in the right bank of the Volga, the Pre-Volga region is distinguished, in the north, in the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama - Predkamye, in the south, southeast, in the left bank of the Kama - Zakamye.

The western part of the republic is the Volga Upland, the northern and eastern borders of which are washed by the Volga waters. The average height of the Pre-Volga region is 140 m, the maximum is 276 m (the upper reaches of the Bezdna River - the right tributary of the Sura, Drozhzhanovsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan). The Volga shores are steep everywhere, cut by valleys of small rivers and ravines.

In Predkamye, in the north-west of the republic, the southern end includes the southern end of the Vyatka Uval upland. The highest heights here reach 235 m in the upper reaches of the Ilet 'and Shoshma rivers, the average height is 125 m. - 120 m, the average height of interfluvial spaces is 140-160 m.

In the southeast of the republic, in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, the highest territory is observed - the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland with an average height of 175 m. Two altitude steps are well pronounced: 220-240 m and 300-320 m.

Low-lying plains are formed by large rivers, the valleys of which were laid along tectonic faults and troughs. The largest area is occupied by the Trans-Volga lowland. It stretches along the left bank of the Volga in the form of a complex of terraces in a narrow strip to the confluence with the Kama, and then, expanding, forms the low-lying Western Trans-Kama region with leveled spaces 80-100 and 120-160 m high.

The Kama-Belskaya lowland corresponds to the valleys of the Kama and Belaya, Ika rivers with predominant heights of 100-120 m.

The valleys of large and medium-sized rivers have a pronounced asymmetry of the slopes due to the displacement of the channels of these rivers to the right under the influence of the Coriolis force. The steep and high banks are composed of bedrocks. On the gently sloping left slopes, a complex of river terraces above the floodplain is observed.

Large forms of relief are complicated by river valleys of small rivers and streams, ravines, gullies. The asymmetry of the slopes of the valleys of small rivers is associated with the unequal heating of the slopes of different exposure in a cold periglacial climate. The slopes facing south and west are steeper.

The features of the relief make it possible to develop agriculture in all regions of the republic. However, human activity, as a result of which forests were cleared, which transferred surface runoff to underground, and large areas of land were plowed up, contributed to the development of gully and soil erosion.

Karst processes are widespread in Permian carbonate rocks, landslides on the slopes of river valleys composed of clays, and other small erosional landforms.

Climate

The climate of the republic is moderately continental. Summers are warm, winters are moderately cold. The sunshine duration averages 1900 hours, with the sunniest period from April to August. The total solar radiation for the year is approximately 3900 MJ / m2.

The climate is formed under the influence of the west-east transport of air masses. Air masses from the Atlantic soften the climate, form cloudy weather with precipitation. Air from Siberia and the Arctic brings significant cooling during the cold period.

The warmest month of the year is July with average temperatures of 18-20 ° C, the coldest is January (-13, -14 ° C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44, -48 ° C (in Kazan -46.8 ° C in 1942). The absolute maximum temperature is +40 ° C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 ° C. The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 ° C.

The average amount of precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. In the warm season (above 0 ° C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. Maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Some years are dry. The growing season is about 170 days.

The snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm. The maximum depth of soil freezing is 110-165 cm.

The climatic resources of individual regions of the republic are different. Predkamye and Eastern Zakamye are relatively cold, but better humidified parts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Western Zakamye is a relatively warm region, but droughts are often noted. The pre-Volga Republic of Tatarstan has the best combination of climatic indicators. The climatic conditions of the republic are moderately favorable for farming.

Surface and The groundwater

The territory of the republic has an extensive river network, which belongs to the Volga-Kama basin. The total length of all rivers is about 22 thousand km, and their number is more than 3.5 thousand. The largest rivers are the Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.

They are transit, their origins are in other regions of the Russian Federation. The transit flow of river waters is about 230 km3 / year, and surface waters of local formation - 8-10 km3 / year. The main part of the river network is made up of small rivers and streams. The total area of ​​the water surface is 4.5 thousand km2, or 6.5% of the entire territory of the republic.

The rivers of the republic have a mixed feeding with a predominance of snow, which provides 60-80% of the annual flow. In the second place is underground, in the third - rain food.

The nature of the feeding determines the water regime of the rivers. On all rivers, the spring flood is clearly distinguished by a sharp increase in water levels. The earliest (28-29 March) floods begin on the rivers in the south-west of the republic, and ends in early May. The average duration is 30-60 days.

After the spring flood, the summer low-water period sets in, with low water levels, some rivers and streams dry up. At this time, the river is fed exclusively by groundwater. After intense and prolonged rains, the summer low-water period is interrupted by floods, on average 2-3 times.

In autumn, a slight rise in water is observed on the rivers, which is largely due to a decrease in evaporation from the surface of the basin. With the onset of cold weather, the rivers begin to freeze, freeze-up forms. The thickness of the ice reaches 50-80 cm. During the winter, a steady low-water period is observed on the rivers, the lowest water levels and discharges are observed, feeding is carried out at the expense of groundwater.

The Volga is the largest river in the European part of Russia and the largest river in Europe. The total length of the Volga is 3530 km, the basin area is 1360 thousand km2. It originates in the Valdai Upland at an altitude of 228 m, from a spring in the village of Volgo-Verkhovye of the Tver Region and, flowing throughout the territory of Central Russia, flows into the Caspian Sea. The Volga flows through the republic in its western part for 186 km. The right bank is high and forms picturesque cliffs and ledges. The left bank is gently sloping, occupied by terraces above the floodplain. The width near Kazan is 3-6 km, in the Kamsky Ustye area - up to 35 km. The main tributaries within the republic are Kama and Sviyaga.

The Kama is the left, the largest tributary of the Volga. The length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km2. The sources are located in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland (in the north-east of Udmurtia). It enters the republic with its lower course (360 km), crossing it from northeast to southwest. It flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley. The average water discharge at the mouth is 3500 m3 / s.

The large tributaries of the Kama are Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.

Belaya - left tributary of the Kama, flows from South Ural Mountains... The total length of the river is 1430 km, on the territory of the republic - 50 km. The river bed is meandering, the valley is wide. Average water discharge 950 m3 / s.

Vyatka is a right tributary of the Kama, flows from north to south, length 1314 km (in the republic 60 km), basin area 129 thousand km2. The current is slow, the channel is meandering, a well-developed valley with a steep right bank, the left bank is gentle. There are a lot of rifts on the river. Average water discharge 890 m3 / s.

Ik is a large left tributary of the Kama, flowing downstream after the Belaya River, flows from south to north. Of the 598 km of its length, 483 km are located in Tatarstan, forming a natural border with the Republic of Bashkortostan. Average water discharge 45.5 m3 / s.

The right tributary of the Volga, the Sviyaga, flows in the pre-Volga republic. Starts in the Ulyanovsk region. Length - 375 km (206 km - in the republic), basin area - 16,700 km2. It flows from south to north parallel to the Volga. The river bed is meandering, the width is 20-30 m during the low water period. The average water discharge is 34 m3 / s.

In the Western Predkamye, there are the basins of the Ileta, Kazanka, Mesha, as well as the right tributaries of the Lower Kama (Shumbut, Bersut) and Lower Vyatka (Shoshma, Burets). The largest is the Mesha River (271 km, average discharge 17.4 m3 / s).

In the Eastern Predkamye, there are two middle rivers - Izh and Toima, with sources in Udmurtia. In the Western Trans-Kama region, the largest rivers are the Bolshoi Cheremshan and Aktai, and in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, the Stepnoy Zai and Sheshma.

The largest water bodies of Tatarstan - 4 reservoirs, supplying the republic water resources for various purposes. The Kuibyshev reservoir was created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, provides seasonal regulation of the Middle Volga runoff, shipping, supply and irrigation. The Nizhnekamsk reservoir was created in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex. The Zainsk hydroelectric complex was created in 1963 and is used for technical support of the state district power station. The Karabash reservoir was created in 1957 and serves to supply water to oil fields and industrial enterprises.

There are more than 8 thousand lakes and more than 7 thousand swamps on the territory of the republic. The most boggy is the northern part of the Eastern Trans-Kama region - the Kamsko-Belskaya lowland.

On the territory of the republic there are 731 hydraulic structures, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.

The bowels of the republic are rich in groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly saline and fresh. Groundwater resources fully meet the needs of the population. There is 1.45 m3 / day of fresh groundwater per inhabitant.

A large number of springs - about 4 thousand. Many of them are equipped, are places of pilgrimage ("holy keys").

The total reserves of mineral groundwater are 3.3 thousand m3 / day.

Soil

The soils are very diverse - from sod-podzolic and gray forest soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region, there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozem soils prevail.

There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:

Northern (Predkamye) - the most common are light gray forest (29%) and sod-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and the upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Sod soils are found on hills and hills. 22.5% is occupied by washed-out soils, floodplain - 6-7%, boggy - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), soil erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.

Western (Volga region) - forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the district are occupied by sod-podzolic and light gray soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, bog soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are widespread (leached ones predominate).

Southeast (Zakamye) - to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems prevail, the right bank of the Small Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. To the east of Sheshma, gray forest and chernozem soils prevail, in the northern part of the region - leached chernozems.

The main part of the territory of the republic is represented by agricultural lands. The most fertile are chernozems. They occupy 40% of the arable land. Water and wind erosion, intensive agriculture contribute to the decrease in land fertility.

Flora and fauna

The territory of the republic in the north of the Predkamye enters the taiga zone. Most of the Predvolzhye, Predvolzhye, the northern part of Zakam'e is located in the zone of deciduous forests, the south of Predvolzhye and most of the Zakam'e is in the forest-steppe zone.

In total, about 17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests. The forests are dominated by deciduous species (oak, linden, birch and aspen), conifers are mainly represented by pine and spruce.

The taiga zone is represented by two subzones: the southern taiga, with a predominance of coniferous trees in the forests, and the subtaiga, with mixed deciduous-coniferous forests. For the forest north of the Volga region, spruce and fir are typical, to the south they are replaced by broad-leaved species, especially oak and linden, which is also included in the second tier along with elm and Norway maple. Hazel, warty euonymus and other shrubs grow in the underbrush. Where there are few of them, a lush oak forest forbs develops; there are also mossy places where green mosses are combined with thickets of ferns.

To the south, there are fewer natural forests, the number of broad-leaved species in them is increasing, linden and oak prevail. On light sandy loam and sands, pine forests with oak and linden are found.

In the southern forest-steppe, beginning on the left bank of the Volga south of the Kama River, and on the right, south of the outskirts of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the amount of heat increases. More often drier sod meadow steppes with a predominance of feather grass, fine-footed fescue, and fescue are found here.

Tatarstan is located on the border of two zoogeographic zones - forest and steppe. There is a wide variety of species - over 400 vertebrates and over 270 - birds.

In addition to the wolf, fox, and common hedgehog common for the European part of Russia, moose are found here (in the north), occasionally bear, lynx, pine marten and ermine are found. Siberian species - Siberian weasel and chipmunk - penetrate here from the northeast. Common forest rodents include the white hare, the squirrel living in tall pine and mixed forests, and the dormouse, which usually lives in oak forests with dense undergrowth. Among mammals, there are also waterfowl, such as desman, otter, mink, muskrat.

In the forest-steppe, in addition to the steppe, there are also numerous species of forest animals living in oak and pine forests. The steppe fauna of the Middle Volga region is represented by the jerboa, marmot, mole vole, hare, steppe chorem, and others.

Many migratory birds nest in the republic, living here temporarily. As among animals, there is also a mutual penetration of forest and steppe among birds. With the three-toed woodpecker, black grouse, capercaillie, eagle owl, long-eared owl, tawny owl and hazel grouse there are black swift, partridge - gray and white, bustard and lark - field and forest. There are numerous inhabitants of reservoirs: the lake gull, "Volgar", or the steamship gull, river tern, as well as swans, geese, ducks, dives and mergansers. Feathered carnivores - peregrine falcon, hawk, uplifted buzzard, tyvik, white-headed vulture, black vulture, steppe eagle, golden eagle, kite, marsh harrier and others - 28 species in total.

Specially Protected natural areas

Specially protected natural territories (SPNA) have been created in the republic to preserve natural complexes. According to the state cadastre of PAs, their total number in the republic is 163, including the largest of them - the Volzhsko-Kamsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, as well as 25 state nature reserves and 135 natural monuments with a total area of ​​137.8 thousand .ha, or 2% of the total area of ​​the republic.

To preserve the diversity of flora and fauna on the territory of the republic, the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve was founded in 1960. It is located in the Western Predkamye, it includes two isolated areas: Raifsky (in Zelenodolsky district, 25 km north-west of Kazan) and Saralovsky (in Laishevsky district, on the left bank of the Volga, 60 km south of Kazan). Its area is 8 thousand hectares (more than 7 thousand hectares are covered with forests, 58 hectares are meadows, 62 hectares are water bodies).

The relief of the Raifsky area is mostly flat. The beautiful Raifskoe Lake has survived, into which the Sumka River flows. The relief of the Saralovsky area is characterized by significant fluctuations in absolute heights (from 50 m to 140 m).

The flora of the reserve consists of over 800 species. The dendrological garden located in the Raifskoye forestry is of particular interest. It contains plants from almost all continents. The reserve also protects 55 species of mammals, 195 species of birds and 30 species of fish (coastal shallow waters are rich spawning grounds).

The vegetation in the Raifa area is bicentennial mixed coniferous-deciduous forests (with a predominance of pine), characteristic of the middle zone of the European part of Russia; there are also oak, linden, spruce, birch, and aspen. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and fir in the European part of Russia runs along the Raifsky site. About 570 species of vascular plants have been recorded in the Raifa area; rare species include unifolia pulp, tuberous calypso, sedges: chaff, tangled, two-seeded.

More than 90% of the Saralovsky area is covered with forest; mainly pine and linden. The most interesting are the pine woodlands on the sandy hills, where the Siberian bell, dream-grass, Marshall's wormwood, Polissya fescue, sandy astragalus, and spiked Veronica penetrate. Rare species include feathery feather grass and squat sedge. Many species are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The fauna of the reserve is very rich. Rodents include 21 species: flying squirrel, common squirrel, river beaver, garden and forest dormouse, red vole, yellow-throated mouse, European hare and white hare. Six species of insectivores have been registered: the common hedgehog, the mole, and the shrew. Occasionally there are wolf, bear, lynx, ermine, roe deer, reddish gopher, hamster; fox and elk, badger, raccoon dog, weasel, American mink, pine marten are widespread.

There are numerous birds: black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, quail, turtle dove, wood pigeon, rock dove, corncrake, gray heron, woodcock, snipe; less often capercaillie, gray crane. Owls include the tawny owl, Upland and Passerine owls, and the predatory ones include the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, hobby, and black kite.

The National Park "Nizhnyaya Kama" was created in 1991 to preserve and restore a unique natural complex of the richest floristically and typologically woodlands and floodplain meadow communities of the Republic of Tatarstan and use them for scientific, recreational, educational and cultural purposes.

The park is located in the north-east of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Eastern Predkamye and Eastern Zakamye, in the valley of the Kama River and its tributaries Toyma, Kriushi, Tanaika, Shilninka. Administratively, the park is located within two administrative districts - Tukaevsky and Yelabugsky. The area of ​​the national park is 26.6 thousand hectares.

Of the local climatic factors, it is worth noting the features of the relief structure and the presence on the territory of a large water basin - the Nizhnekamsk reservoir. The surface of the territory is slightly wavy, dissected by valleys of small rivers and streams, and a ravine-gully network. The position of the park on the border of three natural subzones (broad-leaved-spruce and broad-leaved forests, meadow steppes) determined the diversity of natural landscape complexes and flora of the park.

The flora of the national park is represented by more than 650 species of higher vascular plants, the basis of which is forest (boreal, pine forest, nemoral) species growing in forested and forest-edged ecotopes; as well as plants of dry and floodplain meadows, which are confined to the watersheds and the valley of the Kama River, to the valleys of small rivers.

Also, about 100 species of lichens, more than 50 species of mosses, and more than 100 species of macromycete fungi grow on the territory of the park.

Feather grass and red pollen head growing in the park are included in the lists of the Red Book of Russia; 86 species of plants present in the flora of the national park are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The fauna of the park as a whole is typical for the east of the middle zone of the European part of Russia. Mammals are represented by 42 species. Among them are typical forest dwellers: elk, roe deer, wild boar, lynx, badger, pine marten, squirrel, weasel; and inhabitants of water bodies and their coastal parts: beaver, muskrat, otter, raccoon dog. Dwellers in national park water bat, brown long-eared bat, wild bat, wood mouse and chipmunk are rare species and are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan. The avifauna is quite diverse (more than 190 species, including 136 nesting species). Most species are forest, open-space, and wetland species.

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State structure and population

Tatarstan is a republic within the Russian Federation. The President is the head of state and the highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and manages the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan on the proposal of the President.

MBOU "Secondary school №9

in-depth study in English»

Novo - Savinovsky district of Kazan

Minerals

Republic of Tatarstan

Completed work: student of grade 7 b

Sergeev Daniil

Supervisor:

chemistry and science teacher

Chekunkova E.V.

Kazan, 2013

1. Introduction

2. Brief description of the Republic of Tatarstan

3. Mineral resources of the Republic of Tatarstan

Oil

the first place is occupied by zeolite-containing rocks (48.2%); the second - carbonate rocks (18.9%), of which for the production of lime ameliorants - 11.9%, building stone - 5.9%; the third - clay rocks (18.0%), of which expanded clay and brick - 13.9%; the fourth - sand and gravel materials (7.7%); fifth - sands (5.4%), of which construction and silicate - 3.3%; sixth - gypsum (1.7%).

chemical raw materials in the leading processes of the oil refining industry, as well as adsorbents in the paint and varnish, alcohol and fat-and-oil industries; fillers in the leather industry and fat substitutes in the soap, textile and fur industries; construction raw materials for the manufacture of large ceramic blocks, silicate-aluminate bricks, ceramic pipes with a porous shard, various facing materials (slabs, tiles), expanded clay blocks and gravel (used for the production of lightweight concrete), mineral wool, fibrobituminous, thermal insulation products, high-grade cement ; molding lands for the needs of the local foundry; water softeners.

50-52% of the mined gypsum stone is used for the production of gypsum binders for various purposes, obtained by burning natural gypsum, 44% of gypsum - in the production of Portland cement, where gypsum is used as an additive (3-5%) to regulate the setting time of cement, as well as for release special cements: gypsum-alumina expanding cement, stress cement, etc. 2.5% of gypsum is consumed by agriculture in the production of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium sulfate) and for gypsum saline soils; In non-ferrous metallurgy, gypsum is used as a flux, mainly in nickel smelting, in papermaking - as a filler, mainly in the highest grades of writing papers.

4. Prospects for oil production and exploration

5. Conclusion

6. References

Atlas of the Republic of Tatarstan. PKO "Cartography". - Moscow, 2005. Taisin A.S. Geography of the Republic of Tatarstan: Textbook for 8-9 grades. - Kazan: Magarif, 2000. Republic of Tatarstan. Statistical collection. - Kazan .: Karpol, 1997. We used such sites as: www.wikipedia.org, www.google.ru, www.neft.tatcenter.ru, www.protown.ru.

7. Applications

Appendix 1 - General geographic map of the Republic of Tatarstan Appendix 2 - Romashkinskoye oil field

Appendix 3 - Oil production near the city of Almetyevsk

Appendix 4 - Kichuysky Oil Refinery, Almetyevsky District
Appendix 5 Bituminous coal and brown coal


Appendix 6 - Coal Deposits


Appendix 7 - Model of the structure of the Visean coal deposits

Appendix 8 - Shugurovskiy oil bitumen plant

Appendix 9 - Peat deposit

Appendix 10 - Kamsko-Ustinsky gypsum mine Appendix 11 - Rubble stone, building stone

Appendix 12 - Limestone, oolitic limestone
Appendix 13 - Dolomite