10.06.2021

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia. Problems and prospects for the development of Russian machine-building The main problems of the machine-building industry are

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Content
1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS
2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
4. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS OF ENGINEERING
BIBLIOGRAPHIC LIST

1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS

The machine-building complex is the leading one among the intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

The machine-building complex is the largest of the industrial complexes, it accounts for almost 25% of the value of manufactured products and almost 35% of all workers in the Russian economy, as well as about 25% of the value of fixed industrial production assets. In our country, this complex is underdeveloped. In economically highly developed countries, the products of the engineering industry account for 35-40% of the value of industrial production and 25-35% of those employed in industry, in developing countries it is much less.

Compared to industry as a whole, machine building and metalworking are characterized by larger enterprises (the average size of an enterprise in the industry is about 1700 people in terms of the number of workers, compared with less than 850 for industry as a whole), higher capital intensity, capital intensity and labor intensity of production. Complex engineering products require a varied profession and highly skilled workforce.

Among all industries, machine building takes the first place in terms of its share in gross output and industrial production personnel, second place (after the fuel and energy complex) in terms of its share in industrial production assets, as well as in the structure of exports.

Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment that are used everywhere: in industry, agriculture, in everyday life, in transport. Consequently, scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy is materialized through the products of mechanical engineering, especially in such priority sectors as machine-tool building, electrical and electronic industries, instrument making, and the production of electronic computers. Machine building, therefore, is a catalyst for scientific and technological progress, on the basis of which the technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy is carried out.

Therefore, its industries are developing at an accelerated pace, and their number is constantly growing. According to their role and importance in the national economy, they can be combined into 3 interrelated groups:

1. The industries providing the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

2. The branches providing the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are the machine-tool industry and the tool industry.

3. Branches that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

Over the past decades, a number of new industries have emerged associated with the production of automation equipment, electronics and telemechanics, equipment for nuclear power, jet aircraft, and household machines. The nature of products in the old branches of mechanical engineering has radically changed.

The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

Mechanical engineering is the main branch of the manufacturing industry. It is this sector that reflects the level of scientific and technological progress of the country and determines the development of other sectors of the economy. Modern mechanical engineering consists of a large number of industries and industries. The enterprises of the industry are closely related to each other, as well as to enterprises in other sectors of the economy. Mechanical engineering, as a large consumer of metal, has extensive ties, primarily with ferrous metallurgy. The territorial rapprochement of these industries makes it possible for metallurgical plants to use machine-building waste and specialize in accordance with its needs. Mechanical engineering is also closely related to non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and many other industries. Engineering products are consumed by all, without exception, sectors of the national economy.

At present, there are 19 independent industries in the structure of mechanical engineering, which include over 100 specialized subsectors and industries. Complex independent industries include: heavy, power and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and Food Industry etc.

Heavy engineering. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. The enterprises of the industry produce both parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) and certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators).

The industry includes the following 10 sub-sectors: metallurgical machine building, mining, lifting and transport machine building, diesel locomotive building and track machine building, car building, diesel building, boiler building, turbine building, nuclear machine building, printing machine building.

The production of metallurgical equipment, which ranks first in the industry in terms of production value, is located, as a rule, in the regions of large-scale production of steel and rolled products. The sub-industry produces equipment for sinter plants, blast furnaces and electric smelting furnaces, as well as equipment for rolling and crushing and grinding production.

The profile of mining engineering plants is machines for exploration, as well as open and closed methods of mining, crushing and enrichment of solid minerals at enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, coal, industry and construction materials industry, transport construction. Mining engineering enterprises produce mining and shearers, rotary and walking excavators.

The products of lifting and transport engineering are of great economic importance, since about 5 million people are employed in loading and unloading operations in industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the national economy, moreover, more than half of them are manual labor. The sub-industry produces electric bridge cranes, stationary and belt conveyors, equipment for the complex mechanization of warehouses.

Diesel locomotive building, car building and track engineering provides railway transport with mainline freight, passenger and shunting diesel locomotives, freight and passenger cars, etc.

This sub-industry also produces track machines and mechanisms (laying, rail welding, snow removal, etc.).

Turbine engineering supplying steam, gas and hydraulic turbines for the power industry. The factories of the sub-industry produce equipment for thermal, nuclear, hydraulic and gas turbine power plants, gas-pumping equipment for main gas pipelines, compressor, injection and disposal equipment for the chemical and oil refining industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Nuclear engineering specializes in the production of tank reactors and other equipment for nuclear power plants.

Printing engineering has the smallest volume of marketable products in the industry and produces printing presses, conveyors for printing houses, etc.

Electrical industry. The industry produces more than 100 thousand items of products, the consumer of which is almost the entire national economy. In terms of production volume, it significantly exceeds in aggregate all subsectors of heavy engineering. The production of electrical products requires a wide range of technical means and materials produced by various industrial complexes. The main range of production includes: generators for steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, electric machines, electric motors; transformers and converters, lighting, electric welding and electrothermal equipment.

The machine tool industry includes the production of metal cutting machines, forging and pressing equipment, woodworking equipment, metalworking tools, centralized repair of metalworking equipment. Metal-cutting machine tools account for about half of the production volume.

Instrumentation. The products of this industry are notable for their low material and energy consumption, but their production requires a highly qualified workforce and research personnel. The factories of the industry specialize in the installation and adjustment of automation equipment, software development, design and manufacture of watches, medical devices, measuring equipment, office equipment. These high-tech products are the main element of automation systems for control of technological processes, as well as managerial and engineering labor, information systems.

Mechanical engineering for light and food industries. This includes the following sub-sectors: production of equipment for the textile, knitted, garment, footwear, leather, fur industry, as well as for the production of chemical fibers and equipment for the food industry. The main factor of placement is proximity to the consumer.

Aviation industry. In the aviation industry, enterprises of almost all branches of industrial production cooperate, supplying a variety of materials and equipment. The enterprises are distinguished by a high level of qualification of engineering, technical and working personnel. The industry produces modern passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters of various modifications.

The rocket and space industry produces orbital spaceships, rockets for launching satellites, cargo and manned ships, and reusable spacecraft of the Buran type, which combines high technologies with a wide inter-industry complexity of production.

Automotive industry. By the volume of production, as well as by the value of fixed assets, it is the largest branch of mechanical engineering. Automotive products are widely used in all sectors of the national economy and are one of the most popular products in the retail trade.

Agricultural and tractor engineering. In agricultural engineering, subject and detailed specialization is carried out; significantly fewer factories are specialized in certain stages of the technological process or overhaul equipment. The industry produces various types of harvesters: grain harvesters, flax harvesters, potato harvesters, corn harvesters, cotton harvesters, etc. As well as various modifications of tractors: wheeled row-crop, wheeled arable, caterpillar row-crop, etc.

Shipbuilding industry. Most of the enterprises of the industry, despite the significant amount of metal of large parameters they consume, which is inconvenient for transportation, are located outside large metallurgical bases. The complexity of modern ships determines the installation of a variety of equipment on them, which implies the presence of cooperative ties with enterprises in other sectors of the national economy.

The distribution of industries in the countries of the world has developed under the influence of a large number of reasons, the main of which is the labor factor. The focus on labor determines the main shifts in the location of the industry: it has moved to areas with "cheap" labor. After the war, mechanical engineering developed especially rapidly in Japan, Italy, later in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and also in some countries of the "new industrialization".

The second most important factor influencing the location of mechanical engineering is scientific and technological progress. STP determines structural changes in mechanical engineering. General economic trends caused by the scientific and technological revolution predetermined the increase in the share of labor in the value of production. Thus, the position of countries with cheap labor has become preferable to countries with resources.

Third, there is a systematic increase in the complexity of machine-building production, which predetermined the division of countries into producers of mass products and manufacturers of highly qualified science-intensive products, as well as the emergence of a tendency to “transfer” mass production facilities that do not require the cost of skilled labor to “new” countries and the preservation of highly qualified industries in old countries, "monopolists" of scientific and technological progress.

All of the above processes are superimposed on the tendency of increasing specialization and cooperation in mechanical engineering of individual countries and the whole world. This trend is driven primarily by the benefits of scale-up. In this regard, it can be argued that the practice of actions of TNCs creating a production and cooperation network designed for the markets of entire continents has certain technical and economic grounds.

Determine the level of development of mechanical engineering in different countries very difficult. However, according to the sum of the characteristics, the following groups of countries can be distinguished:

1. Countries with a full range of engineering production. Examples: USA, Germany, Japan. Russia also belongs to this group.

2. Countries with insignificant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - England.

3. Countries with significant gaps in the structure of mechanical engineering - Italy.

4. Countries forced to import a part of engineering products from abroad.

5. Countries with uneven development of the sectoral structure of mechanical engineering: export of machinery covers less than half of imports. (Canada, Brazil).

This typology can be used to regionalize the global economic system and defining the role of individual regions in the location of the global engineering industry.

The region "North America" (USA, Canada, Mexico) accounts for 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering.

This region acts on world markets primarily as an exporter of highly sophisticated products, heavy engineering products and science-intensive industries.

The region “Western Europe” accounts for 25 to 30% of the world's mechanical engineering production.

The third region is "East and Southeast Asia" (about 20% of mechanical engineering products), the leader of which is Japan.

The fourth region of the world mechanical engineering is being formed in Brazil.

In recent years, countries with cheap labor have found themselves in a more favorable position than countries with raw materials.

The second most important factor was scientific and technological progress. Machine-building production is becoming more complex, therefore, countries that produce mass products, manufacturers of complex science-intensive products stand out, specialization and intercountry cooperation are developing.

A feature of the mechanical engineering of developed countries in comparison with developing countries is the most complete structure of mechanical engineering and an increase in the share of electrical engineering; high quality and competitiveness of products; hence, high export capacity and large specific gravity in engineering products in the total value of exports (Japan - 64%, USA, Germany - 48%, Canada - 42%, Sweden - 44%).

General mechanical engineering is far from homogeneous in developed and developing countries. The first group of countries is dominated by machine tool building, heavy machine building, equipment manufacturing, while the other is dominated by agricultural machine building. Germany, USA, Italy, Japan, Sweden are the leaders in machine-tool building. The entire group of developing countries accounts for only 6% of the output of machine tool products.

In the electrical engineering industry, the electronics industry quickly advanced. There are two sub-sectors of the electronics industry: military-industrial and consumer electronics.

The first is the lot of economically developed countries, the second (requiring a large number of cheap labor) has become common for developing countries. Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Mauritius export home appliances even to developed countries.

In the engineering industry itself, the process of internationalization of production has been developing in recent years. This process is carried out mainly between industrialized countries, where about 9/10 of the mechanical engineering capacity and more than 9/10 of the volume of R&D are concentrated. In mechanical engineering, flexible automated production and computer-aided design systems are being introduced. In the production of equipment for these systems, the main roles are played by Japan and the United States.

The structure of transport engineering has also changed. The shipbuilding and automotive industries developed intensively. Moreover, the relocation of shipbuilding and the production of rolling stock to developing countries is noticeable.

Locomotives are produced by India, Brazil, Argentina, Turkey. Mexico, Egypt, Iran, Thailand stand out among the production of wagons.

Significant changes have also taken place in the automotive industry. Japan came out on top, overtaking the United States, then France, Italy, Spain, and Great Britain. Truck production is concentrated in the USA, Japan, CIS countries, Russia and Canada. In addition to Brazil and the Republic of Korea, auto assembly has spread all over the world in recent years. The automotive industry in China is growing significantly, stimulated by the development of car assembly in the "free economic zones".

Basically, the role of certain regions of the world in the placement of mechanical engineering is as follows: the countries of North America account for more than 30% of the world engineering production, the countries of Western Europe - 25-30%, the countries of East and Southeast Asia - 20%.

In terms of the most important indicator reflecting the scale of development of the industry, the cost of engineering products among developed countries, the USA, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany are in the lead. Other countries are significantly inferior to them in terms of the scale of mechanical engineering. The share of developed countries in the mechanical engineering of the world is about 90%.

In the CIS countries, the machine-building complex accounts for 30% of the value of industrial products. These countries occupy an intermediate position between the economically developed and developing countries of the world.

In general, the bulk of the output of engineering products is still concentrated in developed countries. The shift in mechanical engineering to countries with cheap labor was driven by the energy crisis. Despite this, the share of developing countries (especially the countries of "new industrialization") in the production of mechanical engineering products continues to remain insignificant, and there is no need to talk about fundamental shifts in the world mechanical engineering.

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING

machine-building complex industry

The factors of placement are considered to be a set of various spatial unequal conditions and resources, when using which the best results are achieved from the point of view of the selected criteria and the set goal of the placed production facilities.

Mechanical engineering differs from other industries in a number of features that affect its geography. The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity. But on the whole, mechanical engineering refers to the so-called "free allocation" industries, it is less than any other industry, is influenced by such factors as the natural environment, the availability of mineral resources, water, etc. At the same time, a number of economic factors have a strong impact on the location of machine-building enterprises, especially the concentration of production, its specialization, cooperation, the labor intensity of certain types of products, the convenience of transport and economic relations arising in the process of cooperation of machine-building enterprises. The specialization of mechanical engineering has reached a very high level of development. Subject specialization, technology specialization, and detailed specialization are widespread in the industry. Specialization in mechanical engineering is determined by the profile of engineering enterprises and the nature of the products produced - mass, large-scale, small-scale, individual. The release of mass products reduces the possibility of creating an entire technological process at enterprises and contributes to the development of technological specialization.

The development of all types of specialization in mechanical engineering has led to an exceptionally wide cooperation, both between its enterprises and with factories of other industries supplying structural materials, plastic products, glass, etc. At the same time, they specialize in the production of not only mass products (for example, cars, radios and other household appliances), but also small-scale and even individual ones (production of the largest turbine of 1200 thousand kW in St. Petersburg). The location of mechanical engineering is determined to a large extent by the labor intensity of products, the level of qualifications of the labor used, as well as the peculiarities of specialization and cooperative ties of enterprises. The level of metal consumption in itself is not a determining factor in the placement of mechanical engineering. Many types of mechanical engineering products, characterized by high metal consumption, are at the same time labor-consuming. Mass and large-scale production of finished products so greatly reduces the cost of its manufacture that this justifies long-distance transportation arising in the course of cooperative ties or deliveries of products to consumers. The deep specialization of factories makes them resort to apparently unprofitable transportation. The existence of this kind of transportation is inevitable in the context of the modern organization of machine-building production. The release of small-scale or individual products is episodic and cannot determine the location of enterprises for their production, depending on the metallurgical bases and consumers. The creation of complexes of interconnected industries in mechanical engineering in individual regions of the country is difficult due to the very fractional specialization of the industry and its enterprises. The Volzhsky Automobile Plant has, for example, more than 300 subcontractors who supply it with over 1000 components and 500 types of materials. They account for more than 55% of the cost of car production.

With a small variety of supplied products and materials, it turns out to be impossible to create all subcontractors in the area of the parent consumer enterprise. The output of the final types of mechanical engineering products going to other branches of mechanical engineering itself or the national economy is intended to satisfy the entire national economy, everyday life and export. Consumers of these types of products are located in all regions of the country and abroad. Therefore, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the location of engineering enterprises cannot be guided by the factor of consumption of its products. Only certain types of products intended for use in specific natural conditions or for certain mining and geological conditions, are produced in the areas of their consumption (most often agricultural machines, machines and mechanisms for the forest industry, mining equipment). The noted features of the location of mechanical engineering determine the large role and importance of the transport factor in the implementation of cooperative supplies and the provision of finished products to consumers. The rhythm of the operation of conveyors and production lines of machine-building plants depends on the precise work of both allied enterprises and transport. A developed transport network, the ability to use different types of transport between cooperative enterprises increases the reliability of intra- and inter-district communications. As a result of a sharp reduction in the cost of transporting products by all types of transport, the proximity of suppliers of products now plays a much smaller role than in the past.

In the context of the developed specialization of machine-building plants in the production of certain types of products, the unification of the production of certain types of machines, equipment, parts and tools produced at different but related enterprises of the industry is becoming increasingly important. This process also has a strong impact on the location of the engineering industry. Unified products allow each enterprise to provide a wider range of consumers, thereby strengthening and developing intra-district ties, contributing to the zoning of sales of products of related enterprises.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

In the territorial organization of the industry, the following main machine-building regions are distinguished:

a) Central region

b) Volga region

c) Uralsky district

The economy of the Central District, earlier than other territories, received an industrial focus. Only from the end of the 19th century. here the accelerated development of mechanical engineering began, the production of steam locomotives and boilers at the Kolomenskoye and Sormovsky (Nizhny Novgorod) plants. Industry developed especially rapidly during the pre-war five-year plans. It was then that most of the currently operating large machine-building plants were created: aviation (Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod), automobile, bearing, watch, machine-tool, heavy engineering, etc.

A specific feature of the Center's industry remained its focus on the production of products that do not require a large mass of raw materials and fuel (not raw materials, fuel, energy, metal-intensive types of products), but making high demands on the quality of work and qualifications of workers (labor-intensive, science-intensive).

If we briefly consider the regional aspect of the location of engineering industries, then the Central Economic Region will occupy the leading position among the engineering regions not only in Russia, but also in the CIS. Until recently, it accounted for more than 1/2 of the production of passenger cars, a significant part of the automotive industry, 90% of mechanical engineering products for the light industry. Almost 80% of the products were exported to other regions and abroad. The development of high-tech production here is largely due to the availability of qualified personnel, research and design organizations.

The Northwest Economic Region is part of the Central Region of Russia. The main share of mechanical engineering products falls on St. Petersburg, which concentrates energy, radio engineering, optical and mechanical engineering, marine shipbuilding, car building, machine tool building. Kaliningrad is an important center of marine shipbuilding.

The Volga region is the largest car manufacturer in the country. There are all the necessary prerequisites for the development of this industry: the region is located in the zone of concentration of the main consumers of products, it is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex makes it possible to organize wide cooperation ties.

The Volga Automobile Plant was built in Togliatti in 3.5 years (1967-1971) and is the leader in the country's automotive industry in terms of the technical equipment of the shops, the level of automation and mechanization. VAZ has extensive ties with the Volga Region Enterprises (Nizhnekamsk Plant, Volzhsky RGI Plant, Dimitrovgrad plants in the Ulyanovsk Region), as well as with Enterprises specially built for VAZ in other regions of the country, for example, with the Vologda Bearing Plant.

KamAZ is the largest enterprise in Russia for the production of heavy-duty trucks. It includes seven factories: automobile, engine, pressor, forge, foundry, wheel, repair and tool. KAMAZ has more than 100 subcontractors providing supplies of the necessary components. The Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant was founded in 1941 on the basis of the evacuated ZIL. Here, a series of UAZ vehicles of high cross-country ability was created, intended for small-batch transportation of goods.

The traditional industry of the Volga region is river shipbuilding, largest center- Astrakhan.

The largest machine-building centers: Samara (machine-tool building, bearing production, aircraft manufacturing, automotive electrical equipment, mill and elevator equipment, etc.); Saratov (machine-tool industry, production of petrochemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, aircraft construction, electrical products, etc.); Volgograd (tractor building, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.); Ulyanovsk (machine tools, aircraft, automotive, engines, sprinklers, etc.); Togliatti (the complex of VAZ Enterprises - the leading one in the automotive industry of the country, production of equipment for the cement industry); Nizhnekamsk (complex of Enterprises of the Kama Automobile Plant for the production of trucks and diesel engines).

Kazan and Penza (precision engineering), Syzran (equipment for the energy, petrochemical industry, agricultural engineering, etc.), Engels (90% of trolleybus production in the Russian Federation) are also important centers of mechanical engineering. The greatest development prospects in the Volga economic region are in the automobile and tractor industries.

The Ural was the first "real" mountainous region to which Muscovite Rus expanded in its expansion. While the method of smelting pig iron on bituminous coal remained unknown, the Urals with its high-grade ores, rich forests and free labor played a very important role in world metallurgy. In the Urals, giant factories have been built in Magnitogorsk (it is the largest in the world, melting up to 16 million tons of steel per year), in Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk and Novotroitsk. Most of the hundreds of small Ural metallurgical plants have switched to metalworking and mechanical engineering, but about two dozen of them continue to produce high-quality steels.

Ural specializes in the heavy engineering industry. Plants in this industry are distinguished by high consumption of metal and provide machines and equipment for enterprises of metallurgical, fuel and energy, mining and mining and chemical complexes. It is characterized by both enterprises that produce parts and assemblies (for example, rolls for rolling mills) or enterprises specialized in the production of certain types of equipment (steam boilers or turbines for power plants, mining equipment, excavators), as well as universal enterprises that produce serial or individual execution of different types of equipment ("Uralmash").

So, to summarize: the third large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals. In terms of production volume, the region is inferior to the Central and Volga regions.

In 2009, the structure of the output of the listed groups looked as follows: (in percent) investment machine building - 18; high technology engineering - 14.6; tractor and agricultural - 2.7; mechanical engineering for light and food industries - 2.6; automotive industry - 30.6; other subsectors of mechanical engineering - 31.5.

However, there are other classifications of engineering industries. So, for example, according to the technical and economic features of production, which determine the main differences in the requirements for the conditions for the location of enterprises, they distinguish metal-intensive, labor-intensive and high-tech machine building: according to the technologies used, they are low-cost and costly (medium- and high-tech).

In the structure of industrial production as a whole, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position, as evidenced by the data in Table 1.

Table 1 - Structure of production by main industries


All industry
electric power
fuel industry

Oil producing
Oil refining

Coal
Ferrous metallurgy
Non-ferrous metallurgy
Chemical and petrochemical industry.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking
Forestry, woodworking and pulp and paper industries
Building materials industry
Light industry
Food industry

Thus, one-fifth of the industrial output produced in the country falls on mechanical engineering.

Rice. 1. The share of GDP and automotive products in the worldproduction

The automotive industry is the leading mechanical engineering industry in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade, strengthens monetary system, determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the industry's share in the total volume of mechanical engineering production is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the USA and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

In the exports of industrialized countries, the share of finished passenger cars in value is 7-8% of the total volume and 13-15% of exports of machinery and equipment. The automobile industry was one of the levers for raising all material production in post-war Japan and Germany. It plays a progressive role in the nationwide expansion of manufacturing and services in Spain, South Korea, Mexico and Brazil, Poland and the Czech Republic. Many countries, including the USA, the leading countries of Western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, have practically reached their limit in terms of passenger car saturation (US 740 cars per 1000 inhabitants). In Russia, the achievement in 5 years of the level of motorization of 150 cars per 1000 inhabitants can be considered the most important socio-economic task.

Currently, the automotive industry in Russia employs up to 1 million people, and the share of the automotive industry in the mechanical engineering of the Russian Federation is 33%, which is a fairly high indicator of the economic situation in the industry. Due to excise taxes, VAT, contributions to pension and other funds, car factories are one of the main sources of income for the state budget system. After vodka and tobacco, the car is one of the most profitable types of goods for the budget. On average, from one ton of the mass of a car produced, the income to the budget is equivalent to approximately 2.0-3.0 thousand US dollars.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, ZIL JSC has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Automotive motors are made not only by the parent enterprises themselves, but also by a number of specialized factories. Most of these factories are located outside the automotive centers. They supply their products in cooperation to several car factories at once. The automotive industry produces bearings for all sectors of the national economy. It includes more than a dozen factories located in most of the country's economic regions. Each of the factories specializes in the production of certain standard sizes of bearings and supplies them to various enterprises in the country.

Automotive enterprises are located in various regions of the country, but the overwhelming part of production is concentrated in the old industrial regions of the European part with a high concentration of road transport. The main areas for the location of the automotive industry are: central, Volgo-Vyatka, Povolzhsky. Particularly important is the role of the Moscow region, where ZIL, the Likinsky bus plant, factories for the production of bearings and component parts are located.

Cars of upper and middle class are produced in Volgo-Vyatskiy (Nizhniy Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Uralskiy (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Togliatti), small cars - in Serpukhov.

Medium-tonnage trucks are produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

Small-tonnage and heavy-duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volgo-Vyatsky (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

Railway engineering is one of the oldest branches of engineering, relatively well developed in pre-revolutionary Russia and reconstructed in the 60s. The technical process in transport in the post-war years led to a change in the types of traction: the replacement of low-efficiency steam locomotives with more efficient and powerful electric and diesel locomotives, an increase in the carrying capacity of wagons, the creation of new types of wagons for the transportation of specialized, liquid, bulk cargo. Modern diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger and special freight cars are not only material-intensive products that use a variety of construction materials - ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, wood, glass, but are also equipped with sophisticated equipment - powerful diesel engines, electric motors, refrigeration units, special heating units. tanks, pneumatic installations for unloading bulk materials.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises of the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are manufactured in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

The Kirov region, one of the largest regions in the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation, is located in the northeast of the European part of Russia and is part of the Volga federal district... The total area of the territory within the current borders is 120.8 thousand square kilometers (0.7% of the area of the Russian Federation). The population of the region is 1461.3 thousand people.

The mechanical engineering of the region is represented by enterprises of the aviation, electrical, machine-tool and tool industries.

Actively develops new types of modern products of JSC "Electric Machine Building Plant named after Lepse ", producing along with the main products (more than 600 types of aircraft electric units), kitchen and household appliances (food processors" Gamma-7-01 ", electric pumps" Vodoley "), automotive components; power tools, electric motors, electrode steam boilers; medical equipment, complexes for electrochemical metal processing.

Among the large industrial enterprises of the region - JSC "Kirov Machine-Building Plant named after May 1 ", the largest enterprise in Russia for the production of special equipment for the construction and operation of railways. Kirovo-Chepetsk Chemical Plant is one of the largest manufacturers of fluoropolymer products in Russia.

A total of 446 large and medium-sized industrial enterprises are located in the Kirov region. The machine-building complex of the region includes 74 large and medium-sized enterprises (in 2007 - more than 32.3% of the gross regional product in the industry of the Kirov region), employing more than 30% of the industrial production personnel of the region's industry and about 17% of the value of the main industrial - production assets of the region (table 1).

Machine-building enterprises of the region manufacture such products as electric motors, low-voltage equipment, household electric and gas stoves, wires and cables for various purposes, switching products, metal-cutting and woodworking machines, elevators, winches, diesel engines, pumps, compressors, various electrical household technique, etc.

For a number of important products (non-insulated wire for overhead power lines, a large number of products for completing aircraft equipment, some products of the defense industry, the MPD-2 self-propelled motor platform, etc.), the Kirov region is the only manufacturer in Russia.

In the sectoral structure of production of the machine-building complex of the region, the leading positions are occupied by machine-building (86.3% of the volume of industrial products and services in machine-building). construction complex Kirov region).

There are several large sub-sectors in the mechanical engineering of the region: power engineering, lifting and transport engineering, electrical engineering, chemical and oil engineering, machine-tool and tool industry, inter-industry industries, instrument making, automotive industry, tractor and agricultural engineering, road-building and municipal engineering, mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances (shares of industries - Fig. 2).

Table 2 - Main indicators of the machine-building complex of the Kirov region in 2009

Indicator name	Meaning
Number of large and medium-sized enterprises
The number of employees by the main type of activity (PPP) for large and medium-sized enterprises, thousand people
The volume of products (works, services) produced by the full range of enterprises in the current wholesale prices, billion rubles.
Industrial production index,%
Profit of profitable enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), million rubles
Loss of enterprises (for large and medium-sized enterprises), mln. Rubles
The number of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium enterprises,%
Average annual full book value of fixed assets (for the main type of activity), mln. Rub.
The volume of investments in fixed assets, million rubles
Exports (machinery, equipment and vehicles), USD million
including to the CIS countries, USD mln.
Imports (machinery, equipment and vehicles), USD million
including from the CIS countries, million dollars

Table 3 - Indices of the physical volume of production of mechanical engineering products by large and medium-sized enterprises of the region

	in% to last year
Name of the industry, sub-industry
Mechanical engineering and metalworking, total
1. Mechanical engineering
including:
Diesel engineering
Hoisting and transport engineering
Railway engineering
Electrical industry
Chemical and petroleum engineering
Machine-tool and tool industry
Tractor and agricultural engineering
Mechanical engineering for light and food industries and household appliances
Manufacture of sanitary and gas equipment and products
2. Industry of metal structures and products
3. Repair of machinery and equipment

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the machine-building complex, as evidenced by the dynamics of indicators of production volumes by industry and sub-industry (Table 2).

Rice. 2 The structure of mechanical engineering in the region

It should be noted, however, that since mechanical engineering provides the production of an extremely wide range of different types of products intended for different groups of consumers, the development trends and dynamics of the industrial production index in various subsectors of mechanical engineering may differ significantly, since the situation in the subsectors is significantly influenced by factors specific for each sub-sector.

The drop in production in the electrical industry and hoisting-and-transport engineering at the end of the 1990s turned out to be quite deep, but in these subsectors in the last three years there has been a rapid rise associated with a number of reasons: for the electrical industry - an increase in the investment activity of RAO "UES of Russia" , obtaining large export orders by Russian enterprises; for lifting and transport engineering - industrial growth and an increase in the volume of transportation. Growth is also observed in railway engineering, the industry of metal structures and products, and the repair of machinery and equipment.

In some sectors, there is a constant decline in production volumes - chemical and oil engineering, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances.

In other sub-sectors, there is a fluctuation in production volumes both in the positive and in the negative direction.

The most significant drop in production is observed in the machine-tool and tool industry, tractor and agricultural engineering. Machine-tool building largely determines the technological level of machine building itself and many other industries, and therefore the protracted recession in this sub-industry, which indicates extremely low investment in the renewal of the machine tool park, also speaks of the accumulation of the technological lag of the Russian machine-building industry from the machine-building of foreign industrialized countries. ...

Mechanical engineering and metalworking in the region as a whole in recent years have been constantly reducing production volumes, which indicates a negative trend in the development of the complex in the Kirov region.

The situation with the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the defense-industrial complex) affects the machine-building industry of the Kirov region especially strongly, since half of the large machine-building enterprises in the region are enterprises of the military-industrial complex.

The importance of the enterprises of the military-industrial complex of the Kirov region and their current state are characterized by the following indicators. The average number of employees at the enterprises of the military-industrial complex is about 30 thousand people, or 78.1% of those employed in mechanical engineering, or 6.8% of those employed in all sectors of the regional economy.

According to the results of work in 2007, the enterprises of the military-industrial complex produced 54.3% of the production of mechanical engineering or 20.4% of the industrial output of the region in the volume of production of all marketable products.

The drop in production in the military-industrial complex in 1991-97. turned out to be especially deep, and largely determined the lag of the index of industrial production in machine building and metalworking from the corresponding index for the entire industry of Russia.

If we compare the defense industry complex with other mechanical engineering sectors in terms of the range of products it produces, it will turn out to be the most extensive. This is due to both the variety of products manufactured by the defense industry and its complexity. Although high-tech science-intensive products are also produced by civil engineering, it is in the military-industrial complex that the development and production of most of such products are concentrated.

Considering the production of defense industry products, one more circumstance can be noted. The defense industry enterprises produce not only military products, but also civilian products, and in large volumes. Conversion of existing production for the production of civilian products still diverts the funds of defense enterprises. Also, the decrease in production rates is affected by the need to constantly maintain the mobilization capacities of enterprises.

As a result, the indicators of the machine-building industry of the Kirov region in 2009 are significantly lower than those of the machine-building industry in Russia as a whole (the average index of machine-building production in Russia in 2009 is 111.7%).

The share of unprofitable enterprises in the total number of large and medium-sized enterprises of the machine-building complex of the region in 2009 is 37.7%. There is a positive trend in this indicator, since in 2008 the share of such enterprises was 42.6%. The indicators of the Kirov region in terms of the number of unprofitable enterprises are comparable with the all-Russian ones.

The degree of depreciation of fixed assets of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in the mechanical engineering and metalworking industry exceeds the average for the industry. Only chemical and petrochemical enterprises have a higher degree of wear. This conclusion is confirmed by the data of a market survey of industrial enterprises conducted at the end of 2005 by the Center for Economic Situations under the Government of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as CEC). They show that almost 60% of machine building and metalworking enterprises in Russia (excluding the medical equipment industry) are equipped with equipment manufactured before 1980, and the average age of machinery and equipment is more than 20 years.

Several better situation in the military-industrial complex - there, about 30% of machinery and equipment are over 20 years old; but still, most of the machinery and equipment were purchased more than 10 years ago.

The high value of the average age of machinery and equipment has a significant impact on the amount of depreciation of fixed assets, since machine building and metalworking is characterized by a higher share of machinery and equipment in the structure of fixed assets for industrial purposes than the industry average.

In recent years, the region has exacerbated the problem of the technological structure of production, which is based on the replacement of outdated technologies and fixed assets with modern ones. Accordingly, the processes of degradation of production potential are increasing every year: the degree of wear of fixed assets of machine-building enterprises in the region is more than 50%, including for machines and equipment - about 72% (with an annual increase of 1.5-2%), and the share industries corresponding to the fifth technological order (which emerged in developed countries in the 90s) is less than 10%.

The process of steady aging and deterioration of the qualitative composition of engineering and production personnel (the average age of engineers and technicians is 50-60 years) is growing, which is largely predetermined by the low level of wages and the lack of the necessary complex of social events, and at the same time the loss of prestige of engineering specialties for young people. ... As a result, qualifications are sharply reduced, and the continuity of generations is lost.

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia: areas of work

The increased attention is due to a new look at the economy: the country must get rid of dependence on raw materials and develop its own production. Since 1991, the advanced machine-building complex has been practically destroyed, and many of the leading manufacturers in the past have been closed. In 2013, the Government approved a new strategy for the development of mechanical engineering in order to strengthen the military-defense complex. The program, designed for 3 years, involved large investments in the defense segment, as well as in related areas.

The focus is on three industries:

Transport. It is planned to recreate the construction of modern vehicles that will be able to compete in the export market.
Machine-tool building. Today, new factories for the production of machine tools are opening in Perm and Ryazan, in Azov, in the Sverdlovsk region. In just a year, the cost of the manufactured products in the annual volume increased by three billion rubles.
Agricultural. About 3 trillion rubles have been allocated from the budget to restore the production of agricultural machinery needed by the growing agro-industrial complex.

These are just some of the areas in which big changes are expected. The government is looking for an opportunity to modernize production so that the products can compete with foreign counterparts.

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering

Cash investments are only one of the conditions for the successful development of mechanical engineering. It is necessary to intelligently introduce modern IT technologies, which should increase the efficiency of the production complex and create conditions for increasing labor productivity. So far, the introduction of digital technologies in enterprises is just beginning, and it does not always give the expected results.

Now enterprises are investing large sums in the purchase of modern equipment, but it should be used as efficiently as possible. For this, IT systems are established and implemented, aimed at interrelation between departments.

An example of an effective solution to the problem is the modernization of the KAMAZ enterprise, which remains one of the largest in Russia. The modernization strategy is designed until 2020, it involves the introduction of 900 robotic systems into practice. As a result, most of the production cycle will become automated.

Development problems

The machine-building industry is not developing at the pace that is necessary for a rapid rise in production and an increase in the competitiveness of products. The development of mechanical engineering is hampered by a number of systemic problems associated with the following factors:

Science intensity. Enterprises are experiencing an acute shortage of personnel: the lack of qualified engineers is associated with the crisis in education.
Labor intensity. The development of mechanical engineering requires an influx of skilled labor, and this requires a revision of the attitude to the organization of labor.
Metal consumption. The development of mechanical engineering requires a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and the metallurgical complex has also suffered greatly during the liberal reforms of past years.

These are just some of the difficulties that the country's leadership will have to overcome in the coming years. The revival of giant enterprises in a changed economy is becoming unpromising, they are being replaced by smaller enterprises, but they must have a more flexible structure and easily adapt to changing circumstances.

What's in store for the industry in the coming years?

The development of mechanical engineering should become a priority area of state policy. It will require significant financial investments in modernization, as well as support at the state level to ensure that Russian products enter the market. So far, Russia is just beginning to move in this direction, and the successes achieved are only the first step towards the goal.

The industry will grow if the strategy of ditching commodity revenues is fully and consistently implemented. It is difficult to predict what the market situation will be in the next 5 years.

The state and development of mechanical engineering in Russia

Introduction

The machine-building complex is made up of machine-building and metalworking, uniting several dozen industries and sub-sectors. Mechanical engineering creates machines and equipment, apparatus and devices, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment. At present, the machine-building industry in Russia consists of a number of independent industries, which include over 350 sub-sectors and industries.

Mechanical engineering produces means of labor - machinery and equipment, instruments and computers, transmission devices, vehicles - for all sectors of the national economy. It produces consumer goods, mainly durables (cars, televisions, watches, etc.). By the mid-1980s, in the total volume of mechanical engineering production, means of production accounted for 88.9%, consumer goods - only 11.1%, which indicated that the domestic engineering industry was not oriented towards the needs of the mass consumer.

The development of Russian industry at the present stage is characterized by an increase in production capacities, an increase in the number of entities involved in machine-building activities, and an increase in the complexity of the structure of production cooperation and sales. The consequence of this is new requirements for structural modernization, ensuring an increase in the efficiency of managerial decision-making, which is especially important in the context of overcoming the global economic crisis and Russia's accession to the WTO. The development of organizational-economic and information-control mechanisms must be carried out taking into account these requirements and at the same time be based on the paradigm of forming an integrated production and sales system as a mechanism aimed at organizing the needs for products in the Russian industry and production and economic ties. The solution of these problems requires, in turn, a revision of the main characteristics of organizational and economic processes and systems of production cooperation and sales in the modern structure of production, technological cooperation and sales of participants in production and sales processes under operating conditions, both of existing machine-building enterprises and of new construction.

The purpose of this study is to show not only the sectoral structure of the machine-building complex and the factors in the location of its branches and sub-branches, but also to characterize the current state of the complex, prospects and options for overcoming the difficult economic situation that has arisen today.

Taking into account the specifics of this topic and the range of issues raised, the structure of the study allows us to consistently highlight the following issues, highlight the importance of the industry and its structure, identify the territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation, and determine the problems and prospects for the development of machine-building in Russia.

The object of the research is the enterprises of the machine-building complex of Russia.

The subject of the research is the economic relations developing in the process of modernization of machine-building enterprises.

1. Mechanical engineering and its territorial structure

.1 Significance of the industry and its structure

Machine-building complex - component a single national economic complex of the country. This is primarily due to the fact that mechanical engineering:

Creates machinery and equipment used in other industries and thereby creates conditions for the development of all other industries;

It is the largest consumer of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy products, as well as a number of other industries;

Provides employment for a fairly large share of the labor force;

Acts as a regional-forming factor;

It is a reflection of the degree of development of the productive forces in the region;

Gives a significant impetus to the development of progressive technologies.

That is, we can say that the economy of the entire country directly depends on the state of this industrial complex.

The machine-building complex refers to complex, diversified complexes, including the components shown in Figure 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. The structure of the machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering is a leading industry. Mechanical engineering is engaged in the production of machinery and equipment, various kinds of mechanisms for material production, science, culture, and the service sector. Consequently, the products of mechanical engineering are consumed by all sectors of the national economy without exception.

Metalworking is engaged in the production of metal products, the repair of machinery and equipment.

Mechanical engineering also produces consumer goods, mostly durables. This industry is of great importance for the national economy of the country, as it serves as the basis for scientific and technological progress and material and technical re-equipment of all sectors of the national economy.

The structure of mechanical engineering is very complex; this industry includes both independent branches, such as heavy, energy and transport engineering; electrical industry; chemical and petroleum engineering; machine tool building and tool industry; instrumentation; tractor and agricultural engineering; mechanical engineering for light and food industries, etc., as well as many specialized subsectors and industries.

The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in the entire national economy are instrument making, chemical engineering, electrical and power engineering.

The industries that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in mechanical engineering are machine tool building and the tool industry.

Branches that ensure the development of the scientific and technological revolution in certain sectors of the economy are road construction, tractor and agricultural engineering, automotive, etc.

The main economic purpose of engineering products is to facilitate labor and increase its productivity by saturating all sectors of the national economy with fixed assets of a high technical level.

The machine-building complex is the most important complex that plays a huge role in the production process, is interconnected with many sectors of the country's economy, has its own sectoral structure, specialization within it and distinctive features. Its development and placement is influenced by a range of factors. The development and placement of its branches is based on the same principles as for all branches of a single national complex. The principles of development and placement are refracted into general and specific factors influencing the development and placement of the branches of the machine-building complex:

Natural conditions, geography of natural and raw materials.

The volume of capital investments, sources of financing.

Specialization and level of development of farms in economic regions.

The basic level of development of science and technology.

Communication routes and transport network.

Labor resources, their composition, qualification level.

Forms of organization of production

The scale, structure and geography of product consumption.

Transportability of raw materials and finished products.

The ecological situation in the region.

The most important is the presence of a social need for products, qualified labor resources, own production or the possibility of supplying construction materials and electricity. And although, in general, mechanical engineering belongs to the branches of "free placement", since it is less affected by such factors as the natural environment, the availability of minerals, water, etc. At the same time, a number of other factors have a strong influence on the location of machine-building enterprises. These include:

Science intensity: It is difficult to imagine modern mechanical engineering without the widespread introduction of scientific developments. That is why the production of the most sophisticated modern technology (computers, all kinds of robots) is concentrated in areas and centers with a highly developed scientific base: large research institutes, design bureaus (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc.). An orientation towards scientific potential is a fundamental factor in the location of machine-building enterprises.

Metal consumption: Machine-building industries engaged in the production of such products as, for example, metallurgical, energy, mining equipment consume a lot of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. In this regard, machine-building plants engaged in the production of such products usually try to be as close as possible to metallurgical bases in order to reduce the cost of delivering raw materials. Most of the large heavy engineering plants are located in the Urals.

Labor intensity: In terms of labor intensity, the machine-building complex is characterized by high costs and a very high qualification of labor. Manufacturing machines requires a lot of labor time. In this regard, a fairly large number of mechanical engineering industries gravitate towards the regions of the country where the concentration of the population is high, and especially where there are highly qualified and engineering and technical personnel. The following branches of the complex can be called extremely labor-consuming: the aviation industry (Samara, Kazan), machine-tool building (Moscow, St. Petersburg), the production of electrical engineering and precision instruments (Ulyanovsk).

Proximity of the consumer: The products of some branches of mechanical engineering, such as: the production of energy, mining, metallurgical equipment, which consume a large amount of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, are economically impractical to transport long distances due to their large size and high cost of transportation. Therefore, the enterprises of many branches of mechanical engineering are located in areas where the final product is consumed.

The military-strategic aspect can be considered as a separate factor in the geographical location of machine building. Taking into account the interests of state security, many enterprises of the machine-building complex that produce defense products are removed from the borders of the state. Many of them are concentrated in closed cities.

The sectoral structure is understood as the quantitative ratio between the branches and industries that make up the mechanical engineering. Its formation takes place under the influence of economic, organizational and technical factors:

The level of development of science and technology in the country;

The rate of development of the branches of the national economy;

Material and cultural level of the country's population;

The place of the country in the system of the international division of labor;

The level of specialization and cooperation.

Table 1.1. The degree of influence of specific factors on the placement of mechanical engineering

Branches of industry and production				Areas of consumption of products
	raw	Fuel and energy	labor
Mechanical engineering : Heavy Locomotive Industry Shipbuilding Automotive Industry Machine Tool Industry Instrument Engineering Agricultural Engineering	Decisive Strong Absent Absent Weak Absent Absent	Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent	Weak Weak Weak Decisive Strong Decisive Weak	Weak Absent Decisive Absent Strong Absent Decisive

The most important features in the machine-building industry that affect the location of enterprises throughout the country are also formed under the influence of principles and factors:

Diversity and complexity of products, technological processes;

Widespread integration of integration structures, both within the country and in relation to foreign countries;

The possibility of using metal waste from machine-building plants in areas of developed machine-building (secondary use)

The need for a certain level of production culture, the presence of laboratories, research institutes, exchange of experience between enterprises;

Procurement enterprises gravitate towards sources of raw materials; assembly to the consumer; mechanical - to a complex of factors;

A lesser degree of influence of the natural environment, the presence of water, etc .;

Widespread use of various forms of specialization;

More effective specialization and cooperation of enterprises within the region.

1.2 Territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

Enterprises of this industry are widespread throughout Russia. But in some regions, mechanical engineering is of major importance, while in others, its functions are limited mainly to meeting internal needs for the industry's products. Sometimes it only complements the profile of those industrial complexes, the creation of which is due to the use of natural resources, for example, in Eastern Siberia.

Heavy engineering includes the production of equipment for metallurgical enterprises, mining, large power equipment, heavy machine tools and press-forging machines, large sea and river vessels, locomotives and wagons. The peculiarities of the production of heavy engineering products are in the casting, machining and assembly of large-sized parts, assemblies, assemblies and entire sections. For this purpose, the industry is characterized by both enterprises with a complete production cycle, independently carrying out the procurement, processing and assembly of parts and assemblies, and factories that combine these operations with the installation of imported parts, assemblies and sections arriving in cooperative order. The industry also includes highly specialized factories. Heavy engineering produces 60% of the industry's marketable output, the costs of raw materials and materials here are from 40 to 85%, the cost of wages is 8-15%, the cost of transport is from 15 to 25%, the cost of electricity is 8-15%. Heavy engineering plants can be oriented both to metallurgical bases and to regions of consumption. About 90% of the industry's production is concentrated in the European zone, the rest in Western Siberia and the Far East. The main areas and centers of heavy engineering include:

· Central (Elektrostal).

· Ural economic region (Uralmash plant in Yekaterinburg.)

Siberia (production of metallurgical and mining equipment in the cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, production of turbines in Novosibirsk)

· North - West: St. Petersburg - a historically established center of heavy engineering (plant "Electrosila", which produces turbine generators)

· New centers associated with the production of nuclear reactors - the Avtommash plant in Volgodonsk.

The production of metallurgical equipment has developed both in large areas of metal production and outside these areas. Enterprises of this profile specialize in the manufacture of certain types of equipment for the extraction of ore, its preparation, blast furnace, steel-making, foundry, rolling equipment or individual units.

Ural factories focus on the production of excavators for ore mining, sintering machines, equipment for blast furnaces and electrothermal furnaces (Yekaterinburg, Orsk).

Equipment for open-hearth furnaces, rolling and welding of pipes is produced in the Central District (Elektrostal). Ore grinding equipment is supplied by the Volga region (Syzran). Foundry machines - Far East(Komsomolsk-on-Amur), etc.

The production of large-scale power equipment arose and developed mainly outside the metallurgical bases in large centers of developed mechanical engineering, which specialize in the production of certain types of this complex product requiring skilled labor. Powerful turbines and generators for power plants are provided by the North-West (St. Petersburg), Ural (Yekaterinburg) and West Siberian (Novosibirsk) regions. The largest center for the production of this metal-consuming, but small-scale or individual products is St. Petersburg. In these areas and centers, specialization has developed in the production of certain types of equipment. Almost all of them produce steam or hydraulic turbines and generators for them, but of different capacities and designs, especially for different types of hydroelectric power plants. The rapid development of nuclear power has forced the transition to the production of sophisticated equipment at existing plants. Power equipment - powerful diesel engines for ships - are produced in St. Petersburg, Bryansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, for diesel locomotives and power plants - in Balakovo, Penza, Kolomna.

High-performance boilers, producing hundreds and thousands of tons of steam per hour, are produced in the Central region (Podolsk), Central Chernozem (Belgorod), North Caucasian (Taganrog), West Siberian (Barnaul).

Mostly outside the metallurgical bases, the production of heavy machine tools and forging and pressing equipment is located. They are produced in small batches and often on individual orders for domestic and foreign factories. Enterprises of this industry are located in West Siberian (Novosibirsk), Central (Kolomna, Ivanovo), Central Chernozem (Voronezh), Povolzhsky (Yekaterinburg), etc.

The production of mining equipment has developed in the main coal regions of the country, West Siberian (Prokopyevsk, Kemerovo); Uralsky (Yekaterinburg, Kopeysk); East Siberian (Cheremkhovo, Krasnoyarsk). Often, such a placement of enterprises for the manufacture of mining equipment is associated with accounting local characteristics mining of coal, ore and other minerals.

Most of the enterprises of the shipbuilding industry are located outside the metallurgical bases, despite the consumption of a large number of metal profiles inconvenient for transportation. Shipyards specialize in the production of ships for a specific purpose, with different types of ship engines. The complexity of modern ships requires the installation of a variety of standard and special equipment on them. Therefore, in shipbuilding, cooperative ties with numerous allied enterprises that supply not only equipment, but often entire units and sections of ships are extremely well developed. The construction of ships begins on land, and they are completed afloat. Therefore, many naval shipyards are located in sheltered estuaries of large rivers (Neva, Amur), or harbors protected from the sea. The largest maritime shipbuilding region has developed on the Baltic Sea, where its most important center is located - St. Petersburg with a number of factories specializing in the construction of linear passenger, cargo-passenger, tanker ships, nuclear icebreakers, river vessels. There are shipyards in Vyborg and Kaliningrad. Marine shipbuilding yards are also located in Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Astrakhan, Vladivostok. Shipyards are located in Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

River shipbuilding is represented by numerous shipyards on the most important river routes: on the Volga (Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd), Ob (Tyumen, Tobolsk), Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk), Amur (Blagoveshchensk). The creation of deep-water fairways on rivers, the construction of canals connecting the most important river arteries with each other, made it possible to switch to the construction of river-sea vessels not only in the lower reaches of rivers, but also in the middle and upper reaches. These river shipyards also build lake-type vessels and small sea-type vessels. Profitable geographical position such river shipyards in relation to allied enterprises in the central regions makes the construction of ships on them very effective.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises of the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are manufactured in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

General engineering

The group of branches of general mechanical engineering is characterized by average rates of consumption of metal, energy, and not high labor intensity. General machine building enterprises produce technological equipment for the oil refining, chemical, paper, timber, construction industries, road and simple agricultural machines. Dominated by specialized enterprises associated with the manufacture of blanks and assembly of structures, units and parts supplied in cooperation. A number of enterprises producing equipment for industries with chemical technology need special types of steels, non-ferrous metals and plastics. General engineering enterprises are among the most numerous in the industry and are located in many regions of the country. General machine building produces 25% of the industry's marketable output. The cost of wages of the cost of production here is from 12 to 33%, the cost of raw materials in this group is not very large - from 4 to 8%, the cost of electricity is 3 - 5%.

Agricultural engineering has numerous and large enterprises for the production of various agricultural implements for soil cultivation, sowing crops, and harvesting. Agricultural engineering gravitates towards consumption areas, given the profile of agricultural production:

· Production of grain harvesters - in the North Caucasus (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog), in Siberia (Krasnoyarsk);

· Production of potato harvesters - in the Central region (Ryazan, Tula), flax harvesting (Bezhetsk), silage harvesting (Lyubertsy). Various agricultural machinery and equipment are produced by factories located in Voronezh, Syzran, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk.

Equipment for enterprises with chemical processing of raw materials (oil refining, chemical, paper) is produced in Penza, Tuymazy, Kurgan, Yekaterinburg, Izhevsk, Petrozavodsk.

Medium machine building unites enterprises with low metal consumption, but increased energy consumption and labor intensity. The main technological processes in medium-sized mechanical engineering are the machining of parts, their assembly on conveyors into units, assemblies and finished machines. This industry consumes a wide variety of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, rubber and glass. Medium-sized mechanical engineering enterprises are the most numerous, highly specialized, and have extensive cooperative ties. Their products are mass and large-scale, it includes the production of cars and aircraft, tractors, combines, engines for them, medium and small metal-cutting machines and forging machines, pumps and compressors, machines and various technological equipment for the light, food, printing industry.

The automotive industry is the leading mechanical engineering industry in industrialized countries. It stimulates the development of many industries, employment of the population in the production and maintenance of automotive equipment, increases trade, strengthens the monetary system, and determines the need for the products of the entire industry. In countries with the most developed automotive industry, the industry's share in the total volume of mechanical engineering production is 38-40% in Western Europe, 40% in the USA, and 50% in Japan. As a result, the share of the automotive industry in the gross domestic product of the USA and France is 5%, in Japan and Germany 9-10%. Countries leading in terms of GDP are also leaders in the global automotive industry.

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, ZIL JSC has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

· Passenger cars of the upper and middle class are produced in the Volgo - Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Ural (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Togliatti), small cars - in Serpukhov.

· Trucks of medium tonnage - produced by factories of the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

- Cars of small tonnage and heavy-duty are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volgo-Vyatsky (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The tractor industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. In terms of placement, it resembles an automobile. Various types of tractors are produced not only for agriculture, but also for industry. The range of tractors produced in terms of power has dramatically increased: from small garden tractors of a few horsepower to powerful machines of several hundred horsepower. With the increase in the number of tractors for cultivating crops, the share of caterpillar tractors, used mainly for plowing, harvesting in agriculture and for industrial needs, has sharply decreased. This determines the specialization of enterprises and regions in the production of certain brands of tractors (by purpose, power, design). The changes that have taken place in the types of tractors produced and the improvement of their design have increased the dependence of tractor plants on allied enterprises (foundries, mechanical rubber goods, electrical equipment, etc.). The most complex product of agricultural engineering enterprises is the production of harvesters. Cooperative ties with allied enterprises have acquired great importance in combine harvester construction. 225 factories are involved in the production of the Niva combine.

The location of the tractor industry has undergone major shifts in recent years. Having emerged in the main agricultural regions of the country (the Volga region - Volgograd, in the Urals - Chelyabinsk) to provide these regions with arable machines, the tractor industry was located near the metallurgical bases. Tractors are intended not only for agricultural work, but also for industrial needs (on their basis, earthmoving machines - bulldozers, scrapers, etc.) are produced. For other industries, tractors and skidders are produced. For the needs of agriculture, the production of special types and modifications of tractors has been established (except for row crops - gardening, for work on steep slopes, on moist soils, on beet fields), intended for use in different regions of the country. This led to the specialization of tractor plants and a wide interdistrict exchange of products. Therefore, in the following years, new tractor factories arose both in the central industrial regions and in other European regions.

Tractor plants are located in St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Vladimir, Lipetsk, Rubtsovsk. For the timber industry, the production of skidders has been set up in Petrozavodsk, and industrial tractors in Cheboksary.

The production of grain harvesters is concentrated at the Rostselmash plant, as well as at the Taganrog and Krasnoyarsk factories, potato harvesters in Ryazan, and flax harvesters in Bezhetsk (Tver region). Wheeled row-crop tractors are produced by factories in Vladimir, Lipetsk; caterpillar tilled crops - in Volgograd, Vladimir; industrial - in Barnaul, Chelyabinsk, Bryansk, Cheboksary.

The machine-tool industry is the technical base of the entire machine-building industry. Metal consumption in it, as a rule, is low, most of the blanks and parts are produced at the enterprises themselves, cooperation with other plants is most often reduced to the supply of engines, molded products, and electrical equipment. Their placement is greatly influenced by the labor intensity of products, the availability of qualified workers, engineering personnel and designers. The industry's enterprises are equipped with sophisticated equipment. The increase in the production of more modern machine tools - semiautomatic and automatic machines, milling, grinding, aggregate, precision, programmed machines, machine lines and, finally, automated workshops and factories - has strengthened the role of large scientific and design centers in the placement of machine tool building. The role of cooperative ties has increased (unification of standard units in different types of machine tools, special electrical equipment, etc.). The narrow specialization of machine-tool enterprises predetermined the wide development of inter-regional ties: each of them provides most of the country's regions with its products.

Currently, there are machine-tool building enterprises in many cities of the Central region, the Volga region, North Caucasus, Urals, Western Siberia. The leading regions for the production of metal-cutting machine tools included the Uralsky (30%), Central (28%), Povolzhsky (13%).

Enterprises of the radio engineering industry, specializing in the production of radio receivers and televisions, have been established in the Central (Moscow, Aleksandrov), North-West (St. Petersburg), Central Chernozem (Voronezh) regions.

2. Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

2.1 Trends and problems in the development of the machine-building complex

As a result economic reforms the main production and marketing facilities began to belong to a different owner. The state, represented by its ministries and departments, practically lost control over enterprises, as a result of which the industries began to lose stability, since the previously existing direct levers of state administration ceased to function.

The main problems of the Russian machine-building complex:

high depreciation of fixed assets;

the difficulty of entering foreign markets;

lack of resources for innovative development

the high cost of financing construction projects and modernization of facilities for companies that order equipment.

The scale of retirement of machine-building products using the example of coal-fired boilers and steam turbines is shown in Figures 2.1 and 2.2.

Rice. 2.1 - Scale of disposal of engineering products (coal-fired boilers)

Rice. 2.2 - Scale of disposal of engineering products (coal-fired boilers)

In connection with the growth in the machine-building complex, conditions have been created and at the same time a need arose for qualitatively new management structures in the post-crisis period. The development of industrial enterprises required the improvement of forms of management based on the formation of self-organized, self-regulating structures for organizing countering crisis factors through the distributed structure of industrial enterprises.

Self-regulation in this case is seen as a way to preserve sectoral governance. Self-regulation can be carried out through the further development of the coordinating activities of industry unions, associations, clusters, both in existing forms and in new forms of self-regulatory organizations.

A systematic functional-structural methodological approach to the consideration and study of the processes of development of industry in Russia from the standpoint of the need to ensure the integration of dispersed enterprises within the framework of a sectoral self-regulatory organization is proposed. The proposed approach provides for the formation of organizational and managerial structural formations in the form of clusters, both with the participation of Russian enterprises and foreign companies.

In the current conditions, a general approach to the state tasks of managing the development of industrial enterprises is advisable, based on the formation of organizational forms of management on the principles of self-organization and self-regulation, taking into account the realities of the loss by state ministries and departments of management levers for non-state-owned enterprises.

Self-regulation policy is to a large extent the policy of the enterprises and organizations of a particular industry. The core of this policy should be activities aimed at institutionalizing the aggregate sectoral interests of companies in the field of entrepreneurial activity. The role of federal ministries and departments in this case should be to create such general institutional conditions that would not exclude, but, on the contrary, contribute to the effective development of corporate initiative in the field of institution-building on the principles of self-regulation, taking into account government priorities (Figure 2.3).

The traditional structure of an industrial cluster, which is territorial in nature, does not take into account all the needs of interconnected production, sales and similar structures.

2.2 Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

In industrialized countries, where crises and recessions in production are repeated periodically, changes in the current market environment least of all affect the release of the latest high-tech products, which creates certain impulses for getting out of crisis situations. The machine building industry in Russia has recently been characterized by a diametrically opposite tendency - an outstripping decline in the production of the most advanced technology. As a result, it is possible to completely lose the technological potential accumulated over the previous years, although not of sufficient quality, but still of fundamental importance for the further functioning of the economy.

The structure of the final products of the domestic engineering industry at the turn of the last decades was distinguished by its “heaviness” and a high degree of militarization. The share of military equipment remained prohibitively high, while the output of consumer goods, and especially equipment for the non-production sphere, lagged behind. In the first half of the 80s, the growth in production of investment engineering products completely stopped, and in the second half, a decline began, which turned into a landslide decline in the early 90s.

A decrease in demand in consumer industries forced the machine building industry to adapt to the conditions for using its products, increasing the output of universal equipment and introducing primitive technologies. This will lead to the cessation of the production of science-intensive products, the further curtailment of machine-building production and, ultimately, to the attenuation of the investment process and the elimination of the basic sectors of the economy (except for raw materials with export potential).

The state of machine building was also aggravated by the high level of concentration and monopoly of production. Among 2/3 of enterprises, each produces more than 75% of products of a certain type, that is, in fact, it is its monopoly producer.

The main reason for this situation is a sharp drop in investment activity and a decrease in demand for machinery and equipment. The volume of capital investments in the production of equipment for construction and in agricultural engineering has especially decreased, while the demand for investment engineering products has decreased by 3-4 times. Due to the considered unfavorable factors, the share of knowledge-intensive industries decreased, while the share of the automotive industry has stabilized. The conditions for this stabilization are the containment of tariffs for energy resources, products of the metallurgical and chemical complexes, railroad transportation, and the prolongation of protectionist customs measures. Despite all the positive aspects of this process, the automotive industry needs restructuring, which will require mainly centralized capital investments, since decentralized funds are extremely insufficient. The structure of the issue itself should undergo changes, since it does not yet meet modern requirements. The implementation of structural target programs is associated with significant investment costs and time.

In the machine tool industry in Russia today, production is more and more focused on effective demand. But on the part of the former main consumer - the state, it has sharply decreased, and economic entities do not compensate for this reduction, preferring cheaper and simpler equipment, which entails a loss of orders, which is painful for machine tool building. The decline in the production of high-tech types of equipment is here at an outstripping pace. The situation is aggravated by the outflow of highly qualified personnel, including from scientific and design and technological organizations. In fact, there is a threat that Russia will lose its own machine tool industry. The development of non-core products for machine tool building in order to survive has become a widespread practice. Some revival of production in mechanical engineering practically did not affect the increase in demand for technological equipment, since its park is currently used by less than half. Consequently, as production increases at consumer enterprises, the utilization of existing equipment will initially increase, capital accumulation will take place, and only then the prospect of technical re-equipment, and therefore the acquisition of new equipment, may appear.

Weak private and foreign investment, inactive demand of the non-state sector for technological equipment makes it necessary to provide state support for enterprises in this industry. It is economically, and sometimes strategically, effective, especially in the case of import substitution.

A definite tendency towards stabilization has already been outlined in the electrical and instrumentation industries. In 1995, the output of electric motors (by 14%), a number of cable products (power, city telephone) was increased. In order to expand sales markets and search for new consumers, electrical and instrument-making plants began to develop and manufacture products that are in demand, including those previously manufactured in the CIS countries (This was also facilitated by the protectionist customs policy of the state, in which it is beneficial for the consumer to purchase these products from Russian enterprises.

Over the past four years, as a result of the insolvency of rural commodity producers, the production of agricultural machinery has dropped sharply, and most factories use their production capacity by 10-15%. In the farms themselves, the fleet of agricultural machinery is noticeably shrinking.

In the context of a strong contraction in demand for agricultural machinery, it is now planned to take measures to accelerate the adaptation process of enterprises in the market (restructuring of production, expanding the market for exporting machinery, creating trading houses at enterprises, holding fairs and exhibitions). To solve the problem of non-payments at the enterprises of the industry, barter transactions and mutual settlements will be carried out, bills of exchange and state treasury notes will be used more widely. A particularly promising form of normalization of sales seems to be the already practiced provision of the agro-industrial complex with machine-building products on the basis of long-term lease - leasing.

There has been a tendency towards stabilization of production volumes for some types of heavy engineering products, and for others - an increase in output. This applies to the production of equipment for the ferrous metallurgy and mining industry: machines for continuous casting of billets and sinter production. Enterprises have begun to work more actively to find solvent customers due to competition from foreign suppliers of similar equipment.

The situation in the power engineering industry has stabilized due to a slight increase in the production of steam turbines due to the export supplies of equipment, mainly to China, Iran and the countries of Eastern Europe. The production of diesel engines and diesel generators has stabilized, while there is a tendency to master the production of diesel engines under the licenses of foreign companies, which makes it possible for the factories of this sub-industry to enter into competition in the world market.

In the sub-sector of car building, production volumes are determined by the financial capabilities of the main customer - the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation. It is no secret that they are limited and do not significantly increase the output of the much-needed railways Russian rolling stock. In this regard, the production of freight cars increased insignificantly.

In the coming years, even with investment activity, one should not expect a significant increase in demand for construction and road equipment. Moreover, in the construction complex there is an established park of construction equipment, which is currently loaded by no more than half. However, the parameters for updating the manufactured products have deteriorated. This phenomenon indicates that the industry does not adapt to new operating conditions due to changes in product quality.

Summing up all of the above, we can definitely say that the state of development of the machine-building complex in Russia is determined not just by demand, but by investment restrictions. It is they who inhibit the restructuring of production, which should be based on improving the quality of products, and, consequently, increasing its competitiveness.

A particularly difficult situation has developed in the defense complex, where the number of production personnel is decreasing even faster than in mechanical engineering as a whole. The most noticeable decline was the employment in the electronics industry and in the production of special communication equipment. All this causes the outflow of highly qualified specialists from research organizations and design bureaus, including abroad. A particularly difficult situation has developed in those regions where military-industrial complex enterprises play the role of city-forming enterprises (Ural, Udmurtia, some regions of the Central Economic Region).

It is imperative to take action now to correct the chosen market rate. If this is not done, then in the near future pessimistic sentiments and social tension will grow, which will pose a threat to the further construction of a socially oriented market economy in Russia.

mechanical engineering investment defense industry

Conclusion

The urgent needs of the national economy, caused by the need for at least minimal support of the technological level in the machine-building complex, determine the priorities of the structural-investment policy in machine building. It is required to normalize the investment process by restoring demand for equipment and interregional cooperation ties. It is especially important to revive the demand for equipment in the basic, life-supporting sectors of the national economy.

As a result, the most backward branches of mechanical engineering with an undeveloped structure of production will be revived. In the context of a decline in production in the engineering industries, it is advisable to limit purchases abroad of equipment, analogues of which are produced or may be produced in Russia. This will increase the utilization of production capacities and may, in connection with the supply of a number of types of component parts and equipment, restore broken production and cooperation ties with the neighboring countries and the former CMEA countries.

At the same time, state support is needed for those subsectors of the machine-building complex (primarily defense), whose production capacities allow for the technical re-equipment of the country's production apparatus. To implement the country's structural and investment policy, it is necessary to concentrate significant funds on priority areas.

Private investment is one of the additional sources of investment in domestic machine building. However, the main burden of maintaining the viability of mechanical engineering for the basic sectors of the national economy falls on the shoulders of the state.

Bibliography

1. Geography of Russia; population and economy: Textbook. V.Ya. Rum, V.P. Dronov, M. 2011.

2. Innovative activity in mechanical engineering. G. Khoroshilov. Economist, No. 7, 2012.

Innovation sphere: state and prospects ”Ionov M., Economist №10, 2011.

Machine-building complex: state and development options in 2011. (Review.) Prepared based on the materials of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. The Economist, No. 1, 2011.

Society and Economy "Main socio-economic indicators of industry in 2012. Materials of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. No. 1-2, 2012.

Podziraev O.S. Improving business processes in industrial cooperation and sales of machine-building enterprises // Bulletin of economic integration, 2012. No. 2.

Podziraev O.S. Improvement of organizational and economic processes in the modern structure of production, technological cooperation and sales of machine-building enterprises in Russia // Economic Sciences, 2012. No. 2.

Podziraev O.S. Improving the management of machine-building enterprises in the context of Russia's accession to the WTO // Bulletin of economic integration, 2012. №3.

Podziraev O.S. Structural modernization of the machine-building complex. Moscow: RGGU, 2012.

Podziraev O.S. Formation of an integrated production and sales system of the machine-building complex. Moscow: RGGU, 2011.

Position in the machine-building complex of Russia "BIKI" No. 55-56, 2011.

Machine-building complex - a set of industries that produce a variety of machines and mechanisms. The machine-building complex includes more than 70. These are, first of all, electrical engineering and instrument making, machine tool building and the tool industry, and road construction machine building.

Engineering production has a number of features that affect its location.

Firstly, specialization (concentration of an enterprise on the production of one or several types of products) and cooperation (a form of organization of production in which several enterprises participate in the production of finished products) are widely developed. For example, an automobile plant produces one type of product - cars, and receives parts and assemblies from other enterprises, the number of which can be significant. Therefore, many are located in areas where the network is well developed - Central,. Thus, the transport factor is the most important for the location of mechanical engineering.

Enterprises of the most progressive and complex industries (electronic, radio engineering) are guided by the factor of science intensity and are located where there is a developed scientific base (Moscow, Novosibirsk, etc.).

The military-strategic factor determines the location of enterprises producing defense products. They are far from the borders, many are located in the so-called "closed" cities (Sarov, Novouralsk, Snezhinsk, etc.), or are located near military bases.

The production of many types of machines requires large expenditures of human labor, high qualifications of workers. Particularly labor-consuming are instrument making, machine tool making. They gravitate towards areas with a high concentration of the population - Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan.

Metal consumption determines the location of heavy engineering enterprises, whose products require a lot of metal (production of energy, metallurgical equipment). Such enterprises are guided either by a large metallurgical base, for example - -, Siberia - Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Or for imported raw materials, for example - St. Petersburg.

Many types of machines are needed everywhere, and some (for example, flax harvesters, tractors for removing timber) are required only in certain regions. Moreover, such machines are difficult, which means that it is more profitable to produce them, where there is a need for them - the consumer factor.

Mechanical engineering is developed in all regions of the country, but its specialization is different.

Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of material production, it provides other branches with machines and mechanisms, thereby ensuring progress in the economy of the country as a whole.

But at the moment the Russian engineering industry is in a state of crisis, developing at a low rate, it cannot ensure the progress of other industries. There is a lag in the civil engineering sector, low rates of equipment renewal, and it is impossible to create a competitive technique on outdated equipment.

Promising directions in are - the development of high-tech industries, the production of high-quality consumer goods, demonopolization and the establishment of new economic relationships.

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1. COMPOSITION, VALUE IN THE ECONOMY, LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL SECTORS

The machine-building complex is the leading one among the intersectoral complexes and reflects the level of scientific and technological progress and the country's defense capability, determines the development of other sectors of the economy. This is due to several reasons:

2. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF MACHINE BUILDING

machine-building complex industry

The factors of placement are considered to be a set of various spatial unequal conditions and resources, when using which the best results are achieved from the point of view of the selected criteria and the set goal of the placed production facilities.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

In the territorial organization of the industry, the following main machine-building regions are distinguished:

a) Central region

b) Volga region

c) Uralsky district

The traditional industry of the Volga region is river shipbuilding, largest center- Astrakhan.

So, to summarize: the third large region of concentration of machine-building industries is the Urals. In terms of production volume, the region is inferior to the Central and Volga regions.

In the structure of industrial production as a whole, mechanical engineering occupies a leading position, as evidenced by the data in Table 1.

Table 1 - Structure of production by main industries

Thus, one-fifth of the industrial output produced in the country falls on mechanical engineering.

Rice. 1. The share of GDP and automotive products in the worldproduction

The automotive industry, represented by 22 production associations, which include more than 200 factories, includes, in addition to the production of cars, the production of motors, electrical equipment, bearings, trailers, etc., which are produced at independent enterprises.

The largest factories have created numerous branches. Thus, in addition to four factories in Moscow, ZIL JSC has branches specialized in the production of units, assemblies, parts, blanks and spare parts in Smolensk, Yartsevo (Smolensk region), Petrovsk, Penza, Ryazan, Yekaterinburg.

Cars of upper and middle class are produced in Volgo-Vyatskiy (Nizhniy Novgorod), Central (Moscow), Uralskiy (Izhevsk) regions; small cars - in the Volga region (Togliatti), small cars - in Serpukhov.

Medium-tonnage trucks are produced by factories in the Central (Moscow, Bryansk), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod), Ural (Miass) regions.

Small-tonnage and heavy-duty vehicles are produced in the Volga region (Ulyanovsk and Naberezhnye Chelny)

A network of bus factories has been created in the Central (Likino, Golitsino), Volgo-Vyatsky (Pavlovo), Ural (Kurgan), North Caucasian (Krasnodar) regions.

A trolleybus plant operates in Engels.

Specialized enterprises for the production of motors are located in Yaroslavl, Ufa, Omsk, Tyumen, Zavolzhye.

The concentration of locomotive production in the Central Region (in the cities of Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga) has sharply increased; in the city of St. Petersburg.

Shunting and industrial diesel locomotives for wide and narrow gauge are supplied mainly by enterprises of the Central Region (Murom, Lyudinovo, Bryansk).

Freight cars are manufactured in Nizhny Tagil, Altaysk, Abakan. Passenger - in St. Petersburg, Tver, tram - in Ust-Katav (Ural); for the subway - in Mytishchi, St. Petersburg.

Table 2 - Main indicators of the machine-building complex of the Kirov region in 2009

Table 3 - Indices of the physical volume of production of mechanical engineering products by large and medium-sized enterprises of the region

In recent years, there have been significant changes in the machine-building complex, as evidenced by the dynamics of indicators of production volumes by industry and sub-industry (Table 2).

Rice. 2 The structure of mechanical engineering in the region

In some sectors, there is a constant decline in production volumes - chemical and oil engineering, tractor and agricultural engineering, mechanical engineering for the light and food industries and household appliances.

In other sub-sectors, there is a fluctuation in production volumes both in the positive and in the negative direction.

Mechanical engineering and metalworking in the region as a whole in recent years have been constantly reducing production volumes, which indicates a negative trend in the development of the complex in the Kirov region.

According to the results of work in 2007, the enterprises of the military-industrial complex produced 54.3% of the production of mechanical engineering or 20.4% of the industrial output of the region in the volume of production of all marketable products.

The drop in production in the military-industrial complex in 1991-97. turned out to be especially deep, and largely determined the lag of the index of industrial production in machine building and metalworking from the corresponding index for the entire industry of Russia.

As a result, the indicators of the machine-building industry of the Kirov region in 2009 are significantly lower than those of the machine-building industry in Russia as a whole (the average index of machine-building production in Russia in 2009 is 111.7%).

Several better situation in the military-industrial complex - there, about 30% of machinery and equipment are over 20 years old; but still, most of the machinery and equipment were purchased more than 10 years ago.

Similar documents

Development of mechanical engineering in Russia: areas of work

Prospects for the development of mechanical engineering

Development problems

What's in store for the industry in the coming years?

1. Mechanical engineering and its territorial structure

.1 Significance of the industry and its structure

1.2 Territorial structure of the machine-building complex of the Russian Federation

2. Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

2.1 Trends and problems in the development of the machine-building complex

2.2 Problems and prospects for the development of mechanical engineering in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

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